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Images of desire: cognitive models of craving. More recently, also gambling cravings have been explored through the eyes of the EIT, having led to the application of this theory also in the context of addictive behaviors [18]. Using convenience sampling 3,015 participants from four universities and four vocational and technical in Wuhan comprising junior college students, undergraduate students, and graduate students. Keywords: Fear of missing out, Mental health, Physical well-being, Academic performance, Fear of missing out-reduction, Problematic social media Core Tip: Fear of missing out is a relatively new construct that needs the attention of the clinical community due to its diagnostic implications in treatment processes. Disclaimer. General characteristics of the participants (n = 2,744). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-019-09628-1. 2013;8(8):e69841. Further research is needed to employ longitudinal designs, which might further verify the underlying mechanisms linking self-presentation and SMA. FOIA This synergetic dichotomy might be the reason why FoMO seems to be closely related to craving,and why this can also result in problematic SNS use in the long term [10, 26, 39]. Read about our approach to external linking. VideoA rare insight into Hitler's private life, Why the city that never sleeps is slowly sinking. All of them aim at explaining the same phenomenon: a strong and irresistible desire for an appetitive object, state, or activity (e.g., [13, 14]). Mobile and social media enable permanent connection between friends, family, or even strangers. Disclaimer. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 2021 Mar-Apr;43(2):203-209. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0870. Model 3: additionally, adjusted demographic information. 2018;15(10):2319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102319. I then had to think what I would do with the extra time I had which I would have spent 'wasting' on social media sites. (2) Basic information shown on social media contains 15 items (real-time position, social relations, consumption information, personal photos, and videos, location, newsletter, education, emotional state, marriage, height, and weight, birthday, hobby, gender, age, and name). Khosravani V, Spada M, Sharifi Bastan F, Samimi Ardestani SM. In: Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. The gambling craving experience questionnaire: psychometric properties of a new scale based on the elaborated intrusion theory of desire. The items were answered on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1=completely disagree to 5=completely agree with higher mean scores indicating a higher expression of FoMO. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Addict Res Theory. https://doi.org/10.1159/000333601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00260-4. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 2013;20(6):494500. 2015;4(3):11923. Awad E, El-Khoury-Malhame M, Yakin E, Hanna V, Malaeb D, Hallit S, Obeid S. Association between desire thinking and problematic social media use among a sample of lebanese adults: the indirect effect of suppression and impulsivity. The only significant effect of control variables was seen for age on craving (=0.116, SD=0.037, p=0.002). Can sci-fi films teach us anything about an AI threat? National Library of Medicine https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00035. The 46rd China Statistical Report on Internet Development, Social capital-accrual, escape-from-self, and time-displacement effects of internet use during the COVID-19 stay-at-home period: prospective, quantitative survey study, Why people use social networking sites: an empirical study integrating network externalities and motivation theory, Problematic social networking site use: a brief review of recent research methods and the way forward. Curr Addict Rep. 2019;6(4):4107. High score indicates a high level of SMA. After disclosing demographic information, participants answered quality check queries (i.e., if they used social media while answering the survey, if we should use their data) and were finally provided with a debriefing, explaining the purpose of the study and an option to leave a comment. The role of desire thinking in the problematic use of social networking sites among adults. Based on attachment theory, this study explored whether online social support and the fear of missing out mediated the relationship between insecure attachment and social networking site addiction among 463 college . Sensory imagery in craving: from cognitive psychology to new treatments for addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. It wasn't as smooth a ride to the finish as I hoped, but it was all over. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Italian version of the fear of missing out scale in emerging adults and adolescents. Social media enables people to make new friends and maintain relationship without geographical or time constraints, access to information and find funny or entertaining contents (2, 3), but excessive usage and the achieved pleasure leading to addiction (4, 5). Using social media for social interaction seems to have positive effects on an individual's online self-presentation (31, 32). Brandtner A, Brand M. Fleeing through the minds eye: desire thinking as a maladaptive coping mechanism among specific online activities. 3. Factors associated with expression willingness among university students. PMC Addict Behav. To test the interaction of these cognitions and their influence on problematic . I felt as if I couldn't be as engaged in the conversation as I would otherwise be. This subjectively experienced deficit might be responsible for a heightened craving to use SNS. The results revealed a positive significant correlation between SMA and FoMO (r = 0.544, P = 0.00), between SMA and expression willingness (r = 0.397, P = 0.000). 2018 Oct 22;15(10):2319. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15102319. After being briefed it fully hit me - not being able to access social media for a week is a really long time. Incidentally, the same explanation is used to explain smaller effects of SNS-related craving [11]. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000057. Behav Cogn Psychother. In particular, the study investigated the possible mediating role of perceived stress associated with experiences of neglect and negative reactions by other social media users, and social media addiction. Braz J Psychiatry. (A) Privacy setting; (B) Information viewed by others. 2018;26(4):30614. But the endless stream of updates, invites and opportunities to gain the explicit approval and feedback of friends and family, can create a pressure of its own. 2018;13(4):e0195742. Elhai JD, Gallinari EF, Rozgonjuk D, Yang H. Depression, anxiety and fear of missing out as correlates of social, non-social and problematic smartphone use, Using machine learning to model problematic smartphone use severity: the significant role of fear of missing out, Social support through online social networking sites and addiction among college students: The mediating roles of fear of missing out and problematic smartphone use, Effects of attachment styles, dark triad, rejection sensitivity, and relationship satisfaction on social media addiction: a mediated model, A The relationship between social networking addiction and academic performance in Iranian students of medical sciences: a cross-sectional study, Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Wang P, Xie X, Wang X, Wang X, Zhao F, Chu X, et al.. Hypothesized model of the mediating effect of FoMO and craving in the relation between desire thinking and problematic SNS use. May J, Andrade J, Kavanagh DJ, Feeney GFX, Gullo MJ, Statham DJ, Skorka-Brown J, Connolly JM, Cassimatis M, Young RM, Connor JP. Addict Behav. Creating awareness for such associations not only feeds theories for a better understanding of cognitive and affective mechanisms, but can also transfer into clinical practice where practitioners get sensitized for such fine-grained stringing together of mental processes. Chinese Internet Network Information Center . The Cronbach's value of FoMOs in the present study was 0.924. Two different scales were used in this study: Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and Psychological Well-being. We controlled all variables for the influence of the experimental randomization preceding the questionnaires. For these reasons, from the perspective of selfdetermination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000), the present study aims to: (a) examine and compare the direct effects of parent-adolescent and peer. The goal of the study was to investigate whether extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style, and fear of missing out (FOMO) were predictors of social media use and addiction. The interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. I doubt I will cut down on my usage of social media because I don't see the need to, unless it had a negative impact on my life. Exploring gambling craving through the elaborated intrusion theory of desire: a mixed methods approach. Descriptive statistics of study variables are listed in Table 1. Therefore, subjects with high levels of FoMO tended to display themselves on social media in order to keep in touch with others in this study. Sample characteristics were shown in Table 1. 2). Meanwhile, female are greater concerns about privacy and identity disclosure on social media than male (54). Whereas the primary aim of this study is to investigate whether there is an interaction between desire thinking, FoMO, and craving in predicting problematic SNS use, the literature on desire thinking suggests different roles for the sub-facets of desire thinking (e.g., [54, 55]). Nine students took on the challenge - but how many of them lasted the whole week? Sharifi Bastan F, Spada MM, Khosravani V, Samimi Ardestani SM. The effect of mindfulness on social media addiction among Chinese college students: A serial mediation model. The study investigated participants' personalities and their social media use Psychologists at Nottingham Trent University investigated the factors driving addiction to social networking sites among people in the UK. Braz J Psychiatry. Evidence showed that adolescents with a high level of FoMO would choose to disclose themselves on cyberspace, especially social media to enhance social relationships with other contacts (46). Part I of this study measured the participants' levels of smartphone addiction, fear of missing out, and social media addiction at the initiation of the study. Besides its understanding as being a general human need, FoMO has repetitively been brought into relation with problematic SNS use in form of a technology-related cognition (for review and meta-analysis, see [39, 40]). The over pattern result confirms the effect of self-presentation and FoMO on SMA. Validity of a Norwegian version of the desire thinking questionnaire (DTQ): associations with problem drinking, nicotine dependence and problematic social media use. Rather, studies indicate that an interplay of psychopathologies (e.g., anxiety, depression) and specific cognitions (i.e., use expectancies, boredom proneness) reinforces the relevance of FoMO as potential risk factor of a problematic SNS use [39, 45]. the Chinese version of FoMOs, which was adapted by Li et al. Front Public Health. However, the experience of a need or even a fear might not be enough to explain a problematic SNS. Adolescence; Emotional symptoms; Neglect; Social media addiction; Stress. 2023 BBC. Furthermore, self-presentation on social media showed a positive association with SMA in this study. In summary, desire thinking is not inherently dysfunctional since it resembles, according to respective theoretical considerations [19], a human ability to foresee and elaborate future events. Would you like email updates of new search results? Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. FoMO has also consistently been a predictor of Internet, smartphone, and social networks use disorders. 2023 Jan 13;13:1073235. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1073235. Balta S, Emirtekin E, Kircaburun K, Griffiths MD. Verduyn P, Lee DS, Park J, Shablack H, Orvell A, Bayer J, Ybarra O, Jonides J, Kross E. Passive facebook usage undermines affective well-being: experimental and longitudinal evidence. BMC Psychology 2022 May 6;10:854532. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.854532. How many Russians have left during war - and who are they? following standardized international guidelines, was implemented to measure FoMO among university students in China (35, 36). The community sample was collected between May and July 2022 where 51% indicated to be students at a German University, 39% to be fully or part-time employed, and the rest being in training, retired, or other. Data from 3,015 were used for analysis; 271 respondents were excluded due to missing data. 8600 Rockville Pike Almugren I, AlNemer GN, Mntymki M. Fear of missing out (FoMO) among social media users: a systematic literature review, synthesis and framework for future research. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1791. Additionally, two items assess the marked distress and the functional impairment due to the use. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Caselli G, Spada MM. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.896762/full#supplementary-material, National Library of Medicine https://doi.org/10.1080/09652140020016941. Sensitivity to stress associated with neglect (but not to negative reactions) by online peers is found to mediate the relationship between FoMO and social media addiction, which, in turn, mediates the relationship with emotional symptoms. Notably, the association between desire thinking and craving in this study is comparatively high (see Table 1) when considering previous studies on this association which averagely report a correlation of .46 among different behavioral and substance addictions (cf., [47, 60-63]leaving little variance in this study that might be explained by other factors. Meanwhile, a high focus on self-presentation on social media is associated with more mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression (47). and transmitted securely. Cornil A, Lopez-Fernandez O, Devos G, de Timary P, Goudriaan AE, Billieux J. The independent contribution of desire thinking to problematic social media use. Results show that FoMO directly and indirectly predicts emotional symptoms. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies I guess I am a social. In this study, we studied the relationship between FoMO and emotional symptoms in a sample of 472 Italian adolescents aged 11-19. Curr Psychol. AB and EW reviewed statistical analyses. Mechanisms by means of which FoMO could exert its effect on problematic SNS use might include unrealistic use expectancies of the SNS use [42], sensitivity to social-media-related stress [43], and the SNS use intensity and frequency [42, 44]. This gap might manifest as the experience that something is missing, which is called a sense of associated deficit in the EIT [15]. 2010;38(6):80919. The use of social networking sites (SNS) has become an integral part of our lives. 2022 Mar 18;10:805733. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.805733. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Uses and gratifications of problematic social media use among university students: A simultaneous examination of the Big Five of personality traits, social media platforms, and social media use motives, Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: how personality influences social media use and motivations. Before Specifically, the path models suggest that the strongest indirect pathways in explaining variance within problematic SNS use are pathways via desire thinking and craving (see Tables 2, 3). By using this website, you agree to our It sounds terrible but I guess when you're hooked on something you're hooked. CNS Spectr. If everyone is a social media addict then you could say that no-one is. Hu LT, Bentler PM. Abstract Social media use is prevalent in today's society and has contributed to problems with social media addiction. Desire thinking across the continuum of drinking behaviour. Anxiety* Behavior, Addictive Cell Phone Use* Cross-Sectional Studies Fear Female Humans Male Social Media / statistics & numerical data* Social Participation / psychology* Surveys and Questionnaires The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). I went to church but as soon as I got back the weekend notifications flooded in once more. ZX: writingreview editing and supervision. Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00400-9. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Emotion regulation and desire thinking as predictors of problematic facebook use. It was like a drug and has the capability to do harm just like a drug. Front Psychol. That is, next to existing results on the predictive character of FoMO for problematic SNS use itself [39, 40, 43, 56], FoMO might also take part in the explanation of craving for SNS use. The effective sample comprised 748 German-speaking study participants from the general population (age M = 38.63, SD = 12.10; 336 men, 412 women) who took part in an online survey study. High score indicates a high level of basic information shown on social media. Addict Behav Rep. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100463. Social media use is ascertained with the following items: (1) Social media platforms; (2) Purposes of using social media; (3) Category of information online you prefer; (4) Purposes of updating social feed; (5) Number of social media accounts; (6) People who interact most frequently on social media; (7) The motivations for interacting with others most frequently; (8) Accept a stranger's friend request; (9) Time spent on social media (h); (10) Browsing social media before going to bed; (11) Do you spend more time on social networking than real world? Tandon A, Dhir A, Talwar S, Kaur P, Mntymki M. Social media induced fear of missing out (FoMO) and phubbing: behavioural, relational and psychological outcomes. The scale assesses, on three subscales with three items each, the ICD-11 criteria for addictive behaviors, that is, impaired control over the use, the priority given to the use, and the escalation or continuation despite negative consequences (e.g., In the past 12months, have you continued or increased the activity even though it has caused you physical or mental complaints/diseases?). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Wegmann E, Stodt B, Brand M. Cue-induced craving in internet-communication disorder using visual and auditory cues in a cue-reactivity paradigm. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. PMC The participants were divided into two groups using the mean basic information shown on social media score for statistical analysis: a high score group (45, n = 2,480) and a low score group (<45, n = 264). Evaluating model fit. The elaborated intrusion theory of desire: a 10-year retrospective and implications for addiction treatments. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. However, in the context of desires and cravings for possibly unwanted behaviors, desire thinking might be ascribed a more problematic role and function [32, 33]. 19-32 years. Main lines of reasoning that certain behaviors might be considered as addictive refer to (1) the scientific evidence for the clinical relevance of the behavior, (2) the theoretical embedding of phenomena, and (3) the similarity of underlying cognitive and affective mechanisms to those of substance use disorders [7]. School of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China, Edited by: Kwok Kit Tong, University of Macau, China, Reviewed by: Julio Cabero Almenara, Sevilla University, Spain; Lucia Monacis, University of Foggia, Italy; Ruben David Baler, National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States, This article was submitted to Public Mental Health, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry. Furthermore, time spent on social media and browsing social media before going to bed acted as predictors of SMA. Wegmann E, Brandtner A, Brand M. Perceived strain due to covid-19-related restrictions mediates the effect of social needs and fear of missing out on the risk of a problematic use of social networks. Cornil A, Long J, Rothen S, Perales JC, de Timary P, Billieux J. Of the 2,744, 69.2% were female, 69.4% were single child and 56.3% lived in rural. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12472. For applications they indicated to use, participants reported to use Facebook averagely 23.81min (SD=29.69), Instagram 64.38min (SD=54.95), WhatsApp 71.62min (SD=104.78), TikTok 68.78min (SD=86.1), Snapchat 34.53min (SD=102.55), Twitter 20.88min (SD=21.23), Reddit 34.07min (SD=44.2), Pinterest 9.53min (SD=10.64), YouTube 54.20min (SD=71.32), LinkedIn 9.8min (SD=11.74), Telegram 14.25min (SD=21.8), and other not-listed applications 55.8min (SD=90.96) per day. Careers. Among male university, parents who interact most frequently on social media negatively affect basic information shown on social media (Supplementary Table S3). government site. 8600 Rockville Pike eCollection 2022. We acknowledge the support by the Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Duisburg-Essen. 2013;29(4):18418. Along with our hypothesis, FoMO might indeed be a product of desire thinking in the form of an associated deficit where individuals experience the urge of wanting to know what their peers are doing online. Female and male differ to some extent in the types of content posted online (53). Fear of missing out (FoMO) is known to be associated with a decrease in emotional well-being in adolescents. First, the use of a non-random sample of social media users from China, limiting generalizability of results to other countries. Drummond DC. The mean age of participants was 20.08 (SD = 2.37) with a range of 18-30 years old. Self-presentation is defined as the goal-directed activity of controlling information to influence the impressions formed by an audience about the self (29). However, the relationship of FoMO and SMA is still further explored. 1999;23(3):21524. Bookshelf Comput Hum Behav. Addict Behav. As of June 2020, there is about 970 million netizens in China (1). The whole indirect effect from imaginal prefiguration, verbal perseveration, FoMO, and craving on problematic SNS use was significant. Fear of missing out and self-disclosure on social media: the paradox of tie strength and social media addiction among young users - Author: Abdullah J. Sultan Past research has examined the extent to which users disclose personal information on social media, but the influence of fear of missing out (FOMO) or other factors on self-disclosure has . Responses for each item are rated by using Yes or No; (2) Item two is information viewed by others. However, few studies have investigated the possible mediating factors between FoMO and emotional symptoms. Second, some of the studied variables (e.g., FoMOs and SMA) were reported using self-administered questionnaires. Desire thinking as a mediator of the relationship between novelty seeking and craving. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12449. In this study, because of my friends using social media or following others exerted significant influence on personal information posted on social media. One concept that has been linked to problematic social media use is FOMO, or " fear of missing out." FOMO describes the nagging feeling that other people may be experiencing something fun. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The first part contained an online experimental manipulation of desire thinking and its effect on state variables (i.e., participants in the experimental condition were promptedby written instructionsto imagine a typical situation where they use SNS whereas a control group imagined a walk through a forest; both groups were tasked to type in their imagined scenario into open text fields; results not being published due to error-prone online manipulation). J Behav Addict. BMC Psychol 11, 176 (2023). 2020 Mar;102:106179. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106179. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. Google Scholar. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. statement and 2020;106:106364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106364. The major motivation of social media use is self-presentation for managing a personal homepage (27, 28). According to significant correlations with age (p<0.05) and significant t-tests between gender groups (p<0.05), we controlled desire thinking for the influence of gender; FoMO for the influence of age; and craving and symptom severity for the influences of both. Would you like email updates of new search results? 2019;33(2):15461. The interplay between social media use and problematic internet usage: Four behavioral patterns. 2019;95:1107. Akbari M, Seydavi M, Palmieri S, Mansueto G, Caselli G, Spada MM. Social media usage is partially motivated by a need for a positive self-presentation (37). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.021. It's usually the day my notification alarm goes crazy. Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) is the tendency to experience anxiety over missing out on rewarding experiences of others. 2019;104:110. Fear of Missing Out as a Predictor of Problematic Social Media Use and Phubbing Behavior among Flemish Adolescents. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.024. Thus, desire thinking refers to an imaginal prefiguration and verbal preoccupation that is voluntary and effortful [19, 22, 23]. Only fear of missing out predicted social media addiction. Periods where I'm revising or the weeks in advance of an exam are when I'm most likely to shut myself out of social media to really work at my optimum concentration and learn what I need to. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsink, and approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Committee of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine (2018-ICE-023). The Cronbach's value of information viewed by others in the present study was 0.915. Ji JL, Kavanagh DJ, Holmes EA, MacLeod C, Di Simplicio M. Mental imagery in psychiatry: Conceptual & clinical implications. Addict Behav Rep. 2015;1:26. GUID:4B4AB70D-01CD-436D-8E80-FA4BB3B4369D, GUID:D42586CA-A31C-4AD0-9875-37F642CCDFA6, GUID:80609337-5A15-4022-A4FD-8C3112AF276C, GUID:A4E32E0A-7142-4B16-B66B-809C4F5B32DF, social media addiction, self-presentation, fear of missing out, university students, privacy setting. However, few studies have focused on the links of self-presentation on social media, fear of missing out (FoMO) and SMA. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0870. That's why privacy setting acted as opposite role on basic information shown on social media. For some, this feels like time well-spent on helpful or enriching activities on SNS. In the context of SNS use, this state of experienced information deficit might be closely linked to the concept of fear of missing out (FoMO; [37]). Neuroticism, trait fear of missing out, and phubbing: the mediating role of state fear of missing out and problematic instagram use. A higher mean score indicates a higher frequency of experiencing the symptoms. 2022 Jun 18;10(1):154. doi: 10.1186/s40359-022-00856-y. Clin Psychol Psychother. Australas Mark J. FoMO (OR = 5.278, P = 0.000), information viewed by others (OR = 9.673, P = 0.000), privacy setting in QQ (OR = 0.817, P = 0.002) and in Tik Tok (OR = 0.536, P = 0.019) and female (OR = 0.588, P = 0.004) significantly influenced basic information shown on social media. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210444000061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2017.04.001. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Accessibility The site is secure. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.06.013. Trusting friends' choosing plays an important role on personal information shown on social media. That's why when university students accepted a stranger's friend request and communicated with netizens, they were glad to express on social media in this study. Fabris MA, Settanni M, Longobardi C, Marengo D. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. The fact that drawing attention is occurrence of mental disorders and Social Media Addiction (SMA) (48). Addict Behav. Curr Addict Rep. 2021;8:45968. Privacy information protection. Addict Behav. Wegmann E, Ostendorf S, Brand M. Is it beneficial to use internet-communication for escaping from boredom? This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Particularly, it highlights that addictive social media use is related to habits of social media usage (e.g., browsing social media before going to bed, number of social media accounts and self-presentation on social media), time spent on social media, FoMO and spending more time on social networking than real world. Making decisions with the future in mind: developmental and comparative identification of mental time travel. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal SMA is defined as paying excessive attention to social media activities often to the neglect of all other activities, and uncontrollable use to the extent that it interferes with other important areas of life including psychological health, interpersonal relationships, emotional consequences, academic performance, and occupation to the detriment of the individual (912). This context leads to the proposal of the following hypothesis. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. According to the Elaborated Intrusion Theory of Desire, desire thinking and an associated deficit are fundamental factors to the emergence of craving. This made me feel different towards my own personal challenge; the drive seemed to have lessened because my friends quit the challenge. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal eCollection 2023 May. Internet Addiction and Polish Women's Sexual Functioning: The Role of Social Media, Online Pornography, and Game Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic-Online Surveys Based on FSFI and BSMAS Questionnaires. Online ahead of print. This study complies with all ethical standards. Terms and Conditions, As a requirement for mediation analyses, all variables for the path model were correlated with each other ([53], see Table 1). The scale was developed by (34), original used with college students in China. Among male university, accept a stranger's friend request and education level did not influence expression willingness (Supplementary Table S2). Desire thinking is assumed to have a strong motivational power through two self-reinforcing loops in the EIT [15]. However, a methodological explanation may be the short time interval in which both questionnaires were answered in the online survey, and the experimental manipulation in the first part of our study which may (despite non-significant differences between groups) have caused carry-over effects. The strength of association was explained in terms of odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI). 2015;44:2934. Section snippets Participants We recruited 207 participants (50 men, 155 women, and two who indicated that their gender was "other"). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Responses for each item are rated by using a five-point likert scale ranging from one (strongly disagree) to five (strongly agree). In Part II, 189 participants were asked to deactivate social media applications on their smartphones for two Two out of three indirect pathways were significant indicating a partial mediation of craving in the relation of desire thinking and problematic SNS use. (A) Expression willingness; (B) Basic information posted on social media. (2021) 31:782-821. PMC legacy viewwill also be available for a limited time. J Behav Addict. 1986;51(6):1173. EW revised it critically. Andrade J, May J, Kavanagh DJ. I had a basketball match after school and because we lost by a point I felt too angry, tired and hungry to talk to anyone, which even included thinking about my phone altogether. 2011;36(11):10617. This study examined the moderating effects of smartphone ease of access to . A triphasic metacognitive formulation of problem drinking. Accept a stranger's friend request (OR = 1.251), FoMO (OR = 4.261), privacy setting [QQ (OR = 0.775) and Weibo (OR = 0.430)] and information viewed by others (OR = 2.852) affected the level of expression willingness (Table 2). In general, the study shows that FoMO is a factor in experiencing higher sensitivity to stress associated with neglect by online peers, which in turn my act as a trigger for social media addiction, and ultimately showing a negative impact on emotional well-being of adolescents. government site. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412453587. Metacognitions in desire thinking: a preliminary investigation. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Furthermore, FoMO (OR = 5.278), information viewed by others (OR = 9.673), and privacy setting [QQ (OR = 0.817), and Tik Tok (OR = 0.546)] affected level of basic information posted on social media (Table 3). PLoS ONE. government site. Whereas, the excessive and inappropriate use of social media for entertainment purpose might decrease willingness to express themselves (32, 33). Psychol Addict Behav. Fear of Missing Out as a Predictor of Problematic Social Media Use and Phubbing Behavior among Flemish Adolescents. National Library of Medicine However, no purpose for updating social feed maybe reduce individual's expression willingness. (Consumption information, hobby, location, education, occupation, age, and gender). Logistic regression was fitted to identify significant factors (P < 0.05) associated with SMA, social media use, privacy information protection, FoMO, expression willingness, and basic information shown on social media. What's driving your social media use? Privacy (3) In model three, FoMO, privacy information protection, social media use, and demographic information were entered. Internet Res. eCollection 2022. Exploring Association Between Social Media Addiction, Fear of Missing Out, and Self-Presentation Online Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study - PMC The new PMC design is here! Limits and future directions for research are discussed. Moreover, the effect of desire thinking on problematic SNS use was also significantly mediated by FoMO and craving. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2524. Barberis N, Sanchez-Ruiz MJ, Cannav M, Calaresi D, Verrastro V. Clin Neuropsychiatry. The tool contains two questions as followed: (1) Item one is privacy setting in social platforms (WeChat, Weibo, QQ, QQ zone, Tik Tok, Little Red Book, Douban, Post bar, Zhi Hu, others). The detailed binary regression steps were as followed: (1) In model one, FoMO, and privacy information protection was entered to detect influencing factors on expression willingness or basic information shown on social media. Higher sum scores indicate more frequent desire thinking. The Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ; [48]) was used in its adaptation for addictive behaviors (i.e., gambling; [49]) and adapted to the use of SNS. Ryan RM, Deci EL. However, this relationship between desire thinking and symptom severity was not significant when including FoMO and craving in the pathway model, thus highlighting that desire thinking is not dangerous per se [19], but rather becomes behaviorally relevant when it leads to dysfunctional cognitions (i.e., FoMO) and an irresistible desire to use SNS (i.e., craving). High scores indicate high level of information online viewed by others. This led to the exclusion of 53 data sets, resulting in n=193 participants. Bivariate analyses showed that severity of all social networks use disorders were positively correlated with FoMO and social media's negative impact on daily-life and productivity at work. Comparatively, FoMO contributes a rather small incremental value in explaining symptoms of problematic SNS use. Zlatolas LN, Welzer T, Heriko M, Hlbl M. Privacy antecedents for SNS self-disclosure: The case of Facebook, Self-disclosure versus self-presentation on social media, Self-disclosure of social media users in Indonesia: the influence of personal and social media factors, Relationships among attachment theory, social capital perspective, personality characteristics, Facebook self-disclosure, Rugai L, Fioravanti G. Exploring the role of positive metacognitions in explaining the association between the fear of missing out and social media addiction. Int J Environ Res Public Health. social media as a platform to connect with others in order to develop social competence, and an opportunity to deepen social ties (Przybylski et al., 2013). 2017;55:5160. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1367385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.008. As I gave in on Saturday, I didn't have any difficulties communicating with friends about plans, even though I didn't converse with them during the school week. Sense of Belonging at School and on Social Media in Adolescence: Associations with Educational Achievement and Psychosocial Maladjustment. The cleaned sample (see statistical analyses) consisted of n=193 participants (141 female, 4 non-binary), aged between 18 and 70years (M=28.3, SD=9.29). Integrating the above made theoretical considerations, online FoMO could be a product of desire thinking and thus be a constituting factor in the emergence of craving. Social Media Use, Fake News and Mental Health during the Uncertain Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ukraine. 2019;24(1):11426. 2015;44:719. For those who fear missing out, participation in social media may be especially attractive. This finding underpins the relevance of desire thinking in the context of problematic SNS use. 2023 Apr 24;9(5):e15745. As part of a BBC News School Report story for the Six O'Clock News, a group of Year 11 students from Haggerston School in Hackney took on the the challenge of trying to turn their backs on Facebook status updates, Twitter posts and snapchat messages for a week. The study has limitations. To conclude, the study provides novel insights into the link of FoMO, self-presentation on social media, and SMA. Social media use is prevalent in today's society and has contributed to problems with social media addiction. The interplay of both processes was assumed to increase the craving experience and to contribute to the explanation of a problematic SNS use. The moderatormediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Are we overpathologizing everyday life? We can access them anywhere and anytime. Social media can help bring people closer together and share information. Social Networking Sites and Addiction: Ten Lessons Learned. The fear in desire: linking desire thinking and fear of missing out in the social media context. Two different scales were used in this study: Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and Psychological Well-being. Comput Hum Behav. https://doi.org/10.3758/mc.38.6.809. Wolniewicz CA, Rozgonjuk D, Elhai JD. Individual self-presentation on social media. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Specifically, FoMO is defined as (1) the apprehension that one is missing out on some rewarding experience and (2) the desire to stay connected, serving as a concurrent strategy to cope this fear [39]. School Reporters Sheveen and Uche were part of the group going cold turkey, and wrote about their experiences: When I was chosen to take part in this project I was very enthusiastic and thought completing the entire week would be easy. Fabris MA, Marengo D, Longobardi C, Settanni M. Investigating the links between fear of missing out, social media addiction, and emotional symptoms in adolescence: the role of stress associated with neglect and negative reactions on social media. The Fear of Missing Out Scale [37] was used in an adapted version [45] that can assess an online-specific FoMO with seven items (e.g., I'm afraid of not being up to date on my social networks) next to a general trait-like FoMO with five items (e.g., I feel insecure when I do not know what my friends are up to). 2022;174:121149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121149. Alcohol Res Health. The development of social media addiction has become a phenomenon creating a potential public health crisis. The model fit was excellent with a SRMR=0.041, RMSEA=0.067, CFI=0.997, TLI=0.969, and 2/df=1.859. Additionally, FoMO is associated with increased sensitivity to stress associated with experiences of neglect and negative reactions by online peers, and social media addiction. Social media has emerged as an integral part of individuals' daily lives in the cyber age. Franchina V, Vanden Abeele M, Van Rooij AJ, Lo Coco G, De Marez L. Fear of missing out as a predictor of problematic social media use and phubbing behavior among flemish adolescents. The Cronbachs alpha=0.843 of the overall sum score indicates a good internal consistency in this sample. Psychol Med. SMA is defined as paying excessive attention to social media activities often to the neglect of all other activities, and uncontrollable use to the extent that it interferes with other important areas of life including psychological health, interpersonal relationships, emotional consequences, academic performance, and occupation to the detriment. Monacis L, Griffiths MD, Limone P, Sinatra M. The risk of social media addiction between the ideal/false and true self: Testing a path model through the tripartite person-centered perspective of authenticity, Carryover effects of feeling socially transparent or impenetrable on strategic self-presentation, Self-presentation 2.0: narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook, It's just a lot of work: adolescents' self-presentation norms and practices on Facebook and Instagram, Examining associations between university students' mobile social media use, online self-presentation, social support and sense of belonging. Elhai JD, Yang H, Montag C. Cognitive- and emotion-related dysfunctional coping processes: transdiagnostic mechanisms explaining depression and anxietys relations with problematic smartphone use. It all weighed down on me. Keywords: The social media phenomenon is known as the fear of missing out, or FOMO. Caselli G, Canfora F, Ruggiero GM, Sassaroli S, Albery IP, Spada MM. I definitely had more time on my hands, but I still don't feel I was more productive without social media to waste time on. Brand M, Rumpf HJ, Demetrovics Z, Mller A, Stark R, King DK, Goudriaan AE, Mann K, Trotzke P, Fineberg NA, Chamberlain SR, Kraus SW, Wegmann E, Billieux J, Potenza MN. Gender differences, as well as some similarities, are apparent in factors influencing basic information shown on social media. Addict Behav. The Dark Triad and Trait Emotional Intelligence as Predictors of Problematic Social Media use and Engagement: The Mediating Role of the Fear of Missing Out. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. 2021;10(2):291301. This might be done by recording subjective experiences in daily life through ecological momentary assessments, and through actual experimental conditions (e.g., social exclusion to simultaneously examine whether and how strong the craving for SNS actually is). Ten point three percentage of students were from single parent or stepparent families. The thought of all the messages coming through at the weekend, and plans I that I wanted to know about, made me worry about what I was missing out on. Mansueto G, Martino F, Palmieri S, Scaini S, Ruggiero GM, Sassaroli S, Caselli G. Desire thinking across addictive behaviours: a systematic review and meta-analysis. I couldn't go out to play basketball or meet with my mates because I was too tired and I needed a social network to do so. Fear of missing out (FOMO): overview, theoretical underpinnings, and literature review on relations with severity of negative affectivity and problematic technology use. Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: the mediating role of fear of missing out. Evidence shows that interactivity, privacy control, and trust influence social media users' self-disclosure behavior (43). I learnt that I wasn't so dependent on my phone or social media as I initially thought I was. An official website of the United States government. Can your social friends get your following information online? https://doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918001487. 2010;38(5):62937. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Expression willingness is an interpersonal skill that selects appropriate actions and verbal expressions to communicate one's feelings (40). 2022 Jul 4;19(13):8193. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19138193. The most common information posted on social media were gender, hobby, age, personal photos, videos, and birthday. Fear of missing out predicted social media use and addiction. PLoS ONE. In a multiple-choice query, 55% of the participants indicated to use Facebook, 77% Instagram, 98% WhatsApp, 31% TikTok, 34% Snapchat, 17% Twitter, 14% Reddit, 31% Pinterest, 78% YouTube, 34% LinkedIn, 19% Telegram, and 8% indicated other applications in an open textbox (e.g., Discord, Signal, Twitch, Threema, Jodel, Xing). J Adolesc. 2019;98:106018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.06.007. According to significant correlations with age (p<0.05) and significant t-tests between gender groups (p<0.05), we controlled imaginal prefiguration for the influence of gender; FoMO for the influence of age; and craving and symptom severity for the influences of both. However, this scale was not considered in the present analysis. A belongingness theory perspective. In its basic assumptions, the EIT postulates an interplay of cue-elicited automatic associations and the effortful cognitive elaboration of those associations that have intruded into awareness [15]. 2018 Oct 22;15(10):2319. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15102319. High scores indicate high level of FoMO. Figure shows direct effects with their respective -weights, standard deviations, levels of significance, and residual variances. Spada MM, Caselli G, Wells A. In summary, according to the EIT [15] and the extended I-PACE model around desire thinking [27], engaging in desire thinking could provoke an experienced sense of associated deficit which, in the context of SNS use, might be constituted by an online-specific FoMO. The work of AB and EW on this article was carried out in the context of the Research Unit ACSID, FOR2974, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)411232260. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Article In addition, Wegmann et al. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.623099. Against this circumstance, a critical issue has been seriously raised concerning the potential implications of social media use on Chinese university students' mental health and wellbeing (6). (2) In model two, FoMO, privacy information protection, and social media use were entered to detect significant factors on expression willingness or basic information shown on social media. Received 2022 Mar 15; Accepted 2022 Apr 19. [45] suggest distinguishing a general trait FoMO variable from a variable that focuses more on the SNS-related context. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Bayer JB, Dal Cin S, Campbell SW, Panek E. Consciousness and self-regulation in mobile communication. Our results highlight that neither desire thinking nor FoMO are inherently dysfunctional but become problematic when they increase craving for potentially problematic SNS use. Goodness-of-fit of the path model was considered satisfactory with a standard root mean square residual (SRMR) below 0.08, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) below 0.08, comparative fit indices (CFI/TLI) above 0.90, and if the degrees of freedom ratio (2/df) was below 3 [51, 52]. The sample of this study consisted of 232 participants (69.8% female) between the ages of 18-59. Desire thinking mediates the relationship between emotional intolerance and problem drinking. 2021;43(2):2039. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Your US state privacy rights, Instead, FoMO only contributes to the explanation of problematic SNS use when considered in combination with desire thinking and craving, albeit with a comparatively small effect size. Social media activities that accomplish self-presentational goals include posting photographs, profile information, impression management, and self-expression, which are important aspects of relational development in maintaining relationship (2730). Fear of missing out, or FOMO, is the anxiety or apprehension surrounding missing out on things like: social events gatherings the latest gossip or news Experiencing FOMO may make you. The need to belong and adolescent authentic self-presentation on SNSs: a moderated mediation model involving FoMO and perceived social support. Article Neural correlates of cue reactivity in individuals with smartphone addiction. Caselli G, Spada MM. AB wrote a first draft of the manuscript. 2010;34(4):60623. FoMO has also consistently been a predictor of Internet, smartphone, and social networks use disorders. All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000. It has been associated with daily-life disruptions, such as distractions during driving. When considering several study parts separately, future study designs need to consider recreational time-outs to neutralize possible carry-over effects. The site is secure. In the special case of SNS use, this sense of deficit, or the feeling that something is missing, could be determined by the experience that one does not know what happens on social media at the very moment. Instead I picked up a book I'd been longing to read for a couple of months. Before Finally, a cross-sectional design was used, which cannot provide evidence of the causal relationships among studied variables. View full-text . Since we tested a pathway model, causal conclusions cannot be drawn from these results, but rather depict a first insight into associations of the proposed variables. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures, The trait-state fear of missing out scale: Validity, reliability, and measurement invariance in a Chinese sample of university students, The interplay between neuroticism, extraversion, and social media addiction in young adult Facebook users: Testing the mediating role of online activity using objective data. The first day was easy but that evening, just when I was going to make a vlog about how I felt, I received a message from a friend who needed help with his homework. 2012;21(5):31722. The inconsistency of relationship between social media use and self-presentation seems to due to the different purposes of social media usage. The score of SMA was normal distribution. I was glad to get the first day out of the way. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. 2021;122:106839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106839. 2023 Apr;20(2):129-140. doi: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20230205. The effeictive contribution of the social media addiction provides and active contribution of 9.2% to the fear of missing out variable while the rest is influenced by other factors. Caselli G, Spada MM. Furthermore, controlling for age and gender, mediation analyses showed that out of all platforms, only Snapchat Use Disorder did not mediate the association between FoMO and social media's negative impact on daily-life and productivity at work. The effect of desire thinking on problematic SNS use was not significantly mediated by FoMO solely (see Table 2). Online survey was conducted with 2,744 respondents, who completed online survey including social media use, FoMO and SMA. Test of the ad hoc path model. Myriad studies have investigated the problematic social media use typically accompanied by a reduction in a size of the individuals' social circle, as well as an increase in loneliness, depression, and fear of missing out (FoMO) (10, 1618). Kross E, Verduyn P, Demiralp E, Park J, Lee DS, Lin N, Shablack H, Jonides J, Ybarra O. Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. The aim of the present study is to explore the relationships of FoMO, SMA and self-presentation on social media and determine the factors affecting SMA in university students. Through a cluster analysis of keywords, we identified five SMA research focuses: the influences of negative and dark personality traits (the dark triad); adolescents mental and physical health problems caused by fear of missing out; self-control under habit-driven addiction; excessive social media use induced by social anxiety; the health and . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.046. In all honesty if I was asked if I thought I was an addict before the challenge I would have said yes, which shows that I know where I'm going wrong but I'm consciously choosing to ignore my downfall. Second, since the current and the desired state are weighed against each other, the conclusion might be drawn that there is a gap between reality and imagination. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277884. 2021 Dec 17;10(4):879-900. doi: 10.1556/2006.2021.00083. With all of that blowing up my phone I felt quite tempted to jump back on social media.

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