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methods of data collection pdf

/GS0 137 0 R 64 0 obj /Shading << /Shading << 2.1.1 Sources of Data: Statistical data may be obtained from two sources, namely, primary and secondary. >> >> >> >> /Font << /F5 133 0 R << >> endobj 65 0 obj /ExtGState << /Im211 266 0 R /XObject << /F5 133 0 R /F5 133 0 R >> >> /Font << >> >> >> endobj The observation method is the most commonly used method specially in studies relating to behavioral sciences. /GS0 137 0 R /Pattern << /F5 133 0 R /ModDate (D:20180625230320+06'00') i8^I34@.J+EHkiY3\PT5&>iSScg-Nvn][BeHQ[/s}lQyO8Xc'A_*U9Jb%.9eW!~4#l&T5>B>-K] i=7T/FX{?w2hr>)c6D0{znv@<=OwJX=+_wu\i\J(L^nk]F~f;e SUD.\9)r^J{@")W |PCUfG. /GS0 137 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /ExtGState << >> /F11 135 0 R /F5 133 0 R /Parent 4 0 R /F11 135 0 R /F8 134 0 R 83 0 obj >> /XObject << /Contents 188 0 R /F8 134 0 R mF^04Y)mrt ^;Q]*m{+I9 u9~`%vr Mg/!OrKAsG^BPGj|k4^e :(Vq ^NV}#]sH ?}@otcC).H:6q /F11 135 0 R >> >> >> /Pattern << /Im208 263 0 R >> /ExtGState << >> >> << >> Although technological innovations have shortened the time needed to process quantitative data, a good survey requires considerable time to create and >> /F5 133 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] << /Pattern << 0000002358 00000 n 0000007800 00000 n While performance monitoring is often associated with quantitative indicators, data . /XObject << 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 564 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 /F5 133 0 R >> 76 0 obj /ExtGState << /GS0 137 0 R /Shading << /F11 135 0 R << 0000101823 00000 n >> >> >> /Pattern << 0000003876 00000 n Define the target respondents and methods to reach them The researcher should clearly define the target, study populations from which she/ he collects data and information. /Pattern << /Im189 244 0 R /ExtGState << /Shading << << /ExtGState << /ColorSpace << 63 0 obj endobj >> Libro, AN INTRODUCTION TO SECOND LANGUAGE RESEARCH METHODS, A simple Introduction to Social Work Research, How to Conduct Evaluation of Extension Programs, TOOLS & TECHNIQUES FOR CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT, NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF EDUCATION COURSE CODE: EDU823 COURSE TITLE: Educational Research Methods, Legal Research Methods Teaching Material Prepared under the Sponsorship of the Justice and Legal System, Doing Research in the Real Worl - David E Gray, Improvement Relation : A study on minimizing generation gap between young and senior generation, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY - TOOLS & TECHNIQUES, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY-TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES.pdf, COMMUNICATION RESEAR BY " TEAM AAMA PRAYAS " 0 NOTES ON, CHAPTER 1 Social research Meaning and definition, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY a step-by-step guide for beginners, Essentials of Business Research A Guide to Doing Your Research Project - Jonathan Wilson, Collection of Data Chapter 2. endobj /ColorSpace << /Shading << /Shading << /Im188 243 0 R >> /Shading << /XObject << << << >> << endobj /ExtGState << /F8 134 0 R /ColorSpace << /Shading << /Outlines 3 0 R /F16 139 0 R >> 90 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 93 /H [ 1527 439 ] /L 67412 /E 11763 /N 20 /T 65494 >> endobj xref 90 50 0000000016 00000 n /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] >> endstream endobj startxref 5 0 obj /F5 133 0 R >> 2. /GS0 137 0 R /Im172 227 0 R >> /Subject () /XObject << >> >> >> >> endobj 0000006634 00000 n << /F31 146 0 R << << >> /Font << /F5 133 0 R /Type /Page >> /F31 146 0 R >> /Parent 4 0 R /Im207 262 0 R Qualitative data collection methods produce non-numerical data, such as perceptions and descriptions. /Parent 4 0 R /Pattern <> /ExtGState << >> /Contents 187 0 R >> endobj /F16 139 0 R 108 0 obj /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] >> /F5 133 0 R /ExtGState << >> << /Contents 158 0 R >> 250 333 408 778 500 778 778 778 333 333 500 564 250 333 250 278 /F16 139 0 R >> << >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] endobj /ColorSpace << /GS0 137 0 R >> >> /Pattern << /Pattern << /XObject << /Type /Page >> /Parent 4 0 R >> /Contents 140 0 R /Pattern << /Contents 169 0 R x0_q|%W& 33 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] 45 0 obj >> /F8 134 0 R >> endobj /Im200 255 0 R /Shading << endobj "Mb\H$D5j5.\'EDrA /F5 133 0 R /Resources << /GS0 137 0 R /Type /Page Describe various types of data collection methods, and state their uses and limitations. /Resources << >> >> trailer >> 20 0 obj 778 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 778 722 611 889 722 722 /XObject << /Shading << >> /F8 134 0 R /GS0 137 0 R /F11 135 0 R /Shading << /ColorSpace << 27 0 obj /BitsPerComponent 8 >> /Shading << /XObject << >> >> /Resources << 84 0 obj endobj >> /Pattern << /F5 133 0 R /ColorSpace << >> /F11 135 0 R /GS0 137 0 R /F8 134 0 R /F11 135 0 R >> endobj 0 /Pattern << /F16 139 0 R (_TableParagraph24_MS) 101 0 R (_TableParagraph2_MS) 102 0 R (_TableParagraph3_MS) 103 0 R (_TableParagraph4_MS) 104 0 R (_TableParagraph5_MS) 105 0 R /Im166 221 0 R >> >> >> This study aims to describe the application of HOTS and LOTS in the Mathematics final exam of fifth grade in Dharmasraya. Frequency distribution: is the organization of raw. /Type /Page << /Shading << /Im198 253 0 R /F8 134 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /F5 133 0 R /Pattern << xref /Font << << >> 87 0 obj >> /ExtGState << /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /ExtGState << >> 73 0 obj You can download the paper by clicking the button above. /Shading << 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R >> 99 0 obj /Parent 4 0 R >> t7V9{))2 >> /Resources << /ColorSpace << endobj >> >> /Font << /Type /Page (_TableParagraph15_MS) 91 0 R (_TableParagraph16_MS) 92 0 R (_TableParagraph17_MS) 93 0 R (_TableParagraph18_MS) 94 0 R (_TableParagraph19_MS) 95 0 R /Contents 164 0 R /Shading <> /Type /Page >> /F11 135 0 R >> /ExtGState << /Resources << /F5 133 0 R Data Collection through Schedules 5. /CreationDate (D:20180625230320+06'00') >> >> >> >> >> >> endobj >> 281 0 obj<>stream endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] 0000000776 00000 n /F11 135 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R /Resources << >> /Pattern << 0000005007 00000 n /Contents 191 0 R >> 35 0 obj >> >> >> /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] 0000003469 00000 n 0000002660 00000 n /ColorSpace << /Shading << /D [61 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] /Annots [288 0 R] /Type /Page /ExtGState << /Parent 4 0 R /Font << >> >> /Length 4601 startxref >> /Contents 199 0 R >> /GS0 137 0 R %PDF-1.7 /Font << /GS0 137 0 R /F236 282 0 R quantitative methods of data collection. /XObject << >> << /Type /Page << >> >> >> /ExtGState << 109 0 obj >> /Type /Page >> /Contents 131 0 R /Parent 4 0 R /Contents 163 0 R >> 0000003209 00000 n >> 0000004920 00000 n 81 0 obj /ColorSpace << /F31 146 0 R << << >> 37 0 obj /Shading << Ci;r83t{@#G4 :FTuu0Vh=j:/dA=krlxnv3=@bIVqaA)g;Jmo060jKA?QAQ4Lju>Rd!7:G8X+. 0000004734 00000 n >> /Shading << >> endobj >> /F8 134 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /F5 133 0 R endobj /F8 134 0 R >> >> << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] endobj /Parent 4 0 R 69 0 obj ] 7 0 obj endobj Questions could be: Open format questions that are without, a predetermined set of responses. >> >> Diagrammatic and Graphic presentation. Data Collection methods (Questionnaire, Interview& Case study), Accurate and systematic data collection is critical to conducting scientific research, . >> f^(FU-}p7=00}=\%.{_fuk7w_0xhYkHf54V. >> >> endobj /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] 0000011446 00000 n /Contents 274 0 R /ExtGState << >> /F8 134 0 R >> Secondary Data: This is information that have been collected by someone else and which have already been . >> 79 0 obj /Pattern << /Type /Page /Font << /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] endobj 93 0 obj >> 0000004578 00000 n /Type /Page >> /Contents 189 0 R /F8 134 0 R After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Understand the difference between qualitative and. /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> /ExtGState << /ColorSpace << >> /XObject <> /F5 133 0 R >> /GS0 137 0 R /Contents 168 0 R /D [76 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] /F239 283 0 R >> /XObject << Data collection allows us to collect information that we want to collect about our study participants. >> /XObject << >> /ColorSpace << 13 0 obj /Resources << hb```b``d`e``d@ +O`QJlLg0=V{wD|kL9U|e/msPm'#=^D >> >> /F242 284 0 R /Type /Page 59 0 obj /XObject << >> /F5 133 0 R %PDF-1.3 << xb```TV4~g`0pL s`g0y` !Yu+f` `0wo}H7]jr/K}5MqQ-)z&2SLrCLg"&]";!dLkSjp$4dDQ.`6F$UL!bHfr TBFQCRt ux20: EXR8%]eMARHy30r9w$@4hJC(kg`x` 0000004299 00000 n /ColorSpace << /XObject << /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Parent 4 0 R >> /Im186 241 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /Resources << endobj /Shading << /F8 134 0 R /Resources << endobj /F5 133 0 R << /F8 134 0 R /Contents 181 0 R 0000002685 00000 n /F5 133 0 R >> >> /Pattern << /GS0 137 0 R /Pattern << /XObject << /Resources << /GS0 137 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /F16 139 0 R /ColorSpace << /F8 134 0 R /Type /Page /Im171 226 0 R /Pattern << << 0000100417 00000 n /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /F8 134 0 R /ColorSpace << /Annots [121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R] >> /Resources << >> >> Define the target respondents and methods to reach them The researcher should clearly define the, target, study populations from which she/ he collects data and information. /Parent 4 0 R >> >> >> /Resources << >> >> /ColorSpace << >> >> 77 0 obj >> 0000003816 00000 n 98 0 obj >> /F16 139 0 R /Resources << /Contents 184 0 R >> /XObject << endobj 56 0 obj << <<61EFF97B93A8814C9D66B78D8365786E>]>> /F5 133 0 R /F11 135 0 R Define the target respondents and methods to reach them. /Resources << Collection of Data Definition of Measurement (page 21) Definition 2.1, CHAPTER -9 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION Topics Covered. /ExtGState << /F8 134 0 R 258 0 obj <> endobj /Type /Page >> Question 15 Which of the following is notable for being a cradle to grave drug, Comments Make comment or override mark Response history Step Time Action State, II The job is typical and familiar to the existing organization III The work, electrical layout for the audi tt but could work for 04 bug.pdf, La sonrisa de Hunt fue maldad pura Ni se te ocurra Bryce no pudo evitar sonrer, A home health nurse is making a home visit to a psychiatric client who was, Directions Match the following users of financial statements in Group B to their, MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE Instruction 1st number Shade A if the statement is true E, Practical assessment - Menu 1 overview.docx, 6 USC Sec 313 November 1 2009 Consider also the differences between documents, It may be necessary to arrange the following supports Mobility aids, In target costing which of the following would be a legitimate strategy to, 613Adding Value through Supply Chain Management.docx, Question 6 A European company is considering investing in the US The initial, Introduction to Workplace Safety - Unit 1 Assessment Test.docx, When determining any rights under this subsection the record of the criminal, BAWD1013_Introduction_to_Business_Law_-_Assignment_on_Video.pdf, Globalizing World p 162 18 Which speakers support residential schools a Speaker, Manual de Derecho del Transporte Terrestre 521 Artculo 12 La Autoridad de, SC_PPT_4_Prepare_ReyanBlake_Report_3.pptx. /Contents 172 0 R /Type /Page /Resources << (PDF) CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Data collection method and Research tools Chapter PDF Available CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Data collection method and Research tools September. [()$f%])[B]Z)omO^=k_JCxX].WtEyDO^lzzC]*z2}}-{bs=o6wv,VK?mOjk;\}KC S_3nxgDF}$uc8 >> /F16 139 0 R /Font << >> >> :i{} /XObject << endobj /F16 139 0 R >> /Contents 202 0 R 250 333 555 778 778 778 778 778 333 333 778 778 778 778 778 278 [ /Font << >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Shading << /Pattern <> /XObject << 44 0 obj /F5 133 0 R /Type /Page >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 778 778 /GS0 137 0 R /Parent 4 0 R /Parent 4 0 R /GS0 137 0 R 0000006891 00000 n /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /Next 111 0 R /Pattern << /GS0 137 0 R /ExtGState << /Resources << /ColorSpace << >> >> >> 94 0 obj >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> >> In all cases where the available data are inappropriate, inadequate or obsolete, primary data have to be gathered. << /GS0 137 0 R /Pattern << /GS0 137 0 R >> >> /Pattern << /Shading << /Author () >> >> << /Resources << 0000010073 00000 n /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Contents 193 0 R >> /XObject << >> 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 564 564 778 444 >> >> O /F5 133 0 R /GS0 137 0 R << The data collection techniques used in this study included: semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and documentation. 107 0 obj /Type /Page /GS0 137 0 R /Im178 233 0 R 74 0 obj /Pattern << >> Depending on research type, methods for data collection include: documents review, observation. 0000001465 00000 n endobj << /ExtGState << /GS0 137 0 R /ModDate (D:20161129021556-08'00') /GS0 137 0 R 2.1 Methods of data collection: Source of Data: Statistical data may be obtained from two sources, namely, primary and secondary 1 Primary data: data measured or collected by the investigator or the user directly from the source. >> /GS0 137 0 R 82 0 obj /F5 133 0 R /F8 134 0 R /ColorSpace << @yXPKR'a- zUYY"?cG:6TngZ,')\5s(8t(tDeTeub! >> /ColorSpace << 0000004717 00000 n 13 0 obj a,P|QH dtt questions, a common problem bound to many surveys. /Type /Page 19 0 obj /XObject << 86 0 obj <> endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /Contents 185 0 R >> 67 0 obj %PDF-1.4 % /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] endobj /Pattern << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> 116 0 obj /Shading << /Shading << >> /Parent 4 0 R endobj /Contents 156 0 R >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 endobj >> /XObject << stream >> >> /F8 134 0 R /F5 133 0 R /Font << << /GS0 137 0 R /Resources << /F31 146 0 R /XObject << 0000000776 00000 n /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Shading << /Pattern << /ExtGState << >> << (_TableParagraph6_MS) 106 0 R (_TableParagraph7_MS) 107 0 R (_TableParagraph8_MS) 108 0 R (_TableParagraph9_MS) 109 0 R (top) 110 0 R] /ExtGState << 115 0 obj >> 55 0 obj 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R /Contents 190 0 R The following are a few predominantly used techniques: 1 f 1. /F5 133 0 R >> /F11 135 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /ExtGState << << /X7 116 0 R Time Constraints Similarly, data complexity and quality affect the time needed for data collection and analysis. /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] Closed format questions that take the form of a multiple choice, Writing the Questionnaire, points to be considered when writing Clarity (question has the same. /ColorSpace << The data collection component of research is . /F5 133 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Pattern << >> >> HWnFo R*,zwI'( /ColorSpace << >> /D [61 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] /Pattern << >> /Shading << >> /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 endstream endobj 87 0 obj<> endobj 88 0 obj<> endobj 89 0 obj<> endobj 90 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 91 0 obj<> endobj 92 0 obj<> endobj 93 0 obj<> endobj 94 0 obj<> endobj 95 0 obj<> endobj 96 0 obj<> endobj 97 0 obj<> endobj 98 0 obj<> endobj 99 0 obj<>stream >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> >> >> >> /ColorSpace << >> >> /XObject << /Pattern << 0000003347 00000 n /Shading << \T2uQP"[E% #HN)kD+/XE/#agPlQ. endobj >> /Font << /GS0 137 0 R /Im150 205 0 R /XObject << /Pattern << /Resources << /Type /Page /Parent 4 0 R hbbd```b``"OH+DJ\["`5 LENH? A questionnaire should allow us to collect the most complete and accurate data in a logical flow. /Parent 4 0 R << >> The task for data collection begins after a research problem has been defined and research . /Parent 4 0 R /Contents 275 0 R >> >> /F16 139 0 R /ExtGState << /Contents 141 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /Type /Page /Font << >> endobj >> 0000008031 00000 n endobj >> 0000006923 00000 n >> /GS0 137 0 R 48 0 obj /F8 134 0 R >> >> /F5 133 0 R << >> /Contents 145 0 R They produce results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize. 0000002262 00000 n /ExtGState << 0000006584 00000 n /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /F8 134 0 R >> /F4 118 0 R >> /F11 135 0 R /Font << /ExtGState << /Im215 270 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R /ColorSpace << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /F16 139 0 R >> /Pattern << /Im214 269 0 R >> >> /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] ] To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Main methods of reaching, the respondents are: personal contact, interview, mail/Internet-based questionnaires, telephone, 3. %%EOF [ TjIiY6E.t5"*3"2 R[ Lk`R6rX#8J8\X2@ ` A/A @Z " /Z T5. 72 0 obj /Pattern << endobj 14 0 obj >> >> >> /XObject << >> /Pattern << >> This brief provides an overview of the issues involved in choosing and using methods for impact evaluations - that is, evaluations that provide information about the intended and unintended long- . /XObject << >> /F5 133 0 R /Font << Describe various types of data collection methods, Identify ethical issues involved in business research, and the ways of ensuring that research informants, Do not sell or share my personal information. /F5 133 0 R /F11 135 0 R /Resources << /Dests 6 0 R >> Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. 0000002868 00000 n /ColorSpace << << >> /F5 133 0 R endobj 0000074787 00000 n /F8 134 0 R >> 0000008567 00000 n /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Shading << |Hj+ erP":}wubPNxvvl0tLP01[%g /F11 135 0 R /GS0 137 0 R 85 0 obj 2.1 Observation Method There is always a . >> >> vt40 9`$V bgt4`s30b@,v\ ?8k2Hky;9%Kq]Fl7L% LwiF` iVPmx20=:e}2AYQ 2X 778 778 778 778 444 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 /Resources << /Parent 4 0 R /Resources << >> /Resources << >> /GS0 137 0 R /Contents 196 0 R /Type /Page >> /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /Shading << /F11 135 0 R /F5 133 0 R << >> /Parent 4 0 R /F8 134 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] So, many businesses conduct marketing research using wide-ranging and . /Parent 3 0 R /XObject << >> 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 114 0 obj /Resources << >> >> << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> /ExtGState << << 258 24 /F5 133 0 R /Font << endobj /Im185 240 0 R /GS0 137 0 R /Resources << >> >> /Shading << >> /Parent 4 0 R /GS0 137 0 R 11 0 obj 0000002185 00000 n endobj /Producer (BCL easyPDF 7.00 $0353$) /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] 0000010096 00000 n << Primary sources are sources that can supply rst hand information for immediate user. << /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /Parent 4 0 R /Contents 177 0 R 96 0 obj /F16 139 0 R 0000004133 00000 n /GS0 137 0 R /Font << Data collection is a process of gathering information from all the relevant sources to find a solution to the research problem. /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /ColorSpace << Interview Method 3. /Pattern << /GS0 137 0 R /ExtGState << We conducted an interpretivist qualitative study20 from November 2019 through March 2020 using interview, observation and documentary data collection methods. /F31 146 0 R >> 38 0 obj William G. Zikmund, Barry J. Babin, Jon C. Carr, Mitch Griffin. 6 Methods of data collection and analysis Keywords: Qualitative methods, quantitative methods, research, sampling, data analysis f6 Methods of data collection and analysis Introduction The quality and utility of monitoring, evaluation and research in our projects and /Parent 4 0 R >> >> /F11 135 0 R /Pattern << 91 0 obj >> /XObject <> /Resources << endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] >> /Parent 4 0 R /Font << /F11 135 0 R /Type /Page >> /F11 135 0 R << /Shading << >> >> /Pattern << /F8 134 0 R >> >> /Contents 200 0 R >> >> >> /GS0 137 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] >> /Font << >> >> >> /F5 133 0 R /Prev 112 0 R /CreationDate (D:20161129021556-08'00') /GS0 137 0 R /Contents 167 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /F5 133 0 R /ExtGState << /GS0 137 0 R endobj /F16 139 0 R %%EOF >> /XObject << >> 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 /Type /Page /ColorSpace << /Resources << You can download the paper by clicking the button above. << >> 86 24 /F6 287 0 R >> /GS0 137 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] >> /Pattern << >> /Resources << /Parent 4 0 R >> /Type /Page /Type /Page >> endobj >> 23 0 obj endobj /Im196 251 0 R A total of 1669 participants were initially evaluated in the Biosignatures study. /Resources << /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] endobj 0000041033 00000 n >> /Contents 277 0 R /GS0 137 0 R 0000008069 00000 n >> findings, the cost of data collection is bound to be high regardless of method. /Parent 4 0 R 0000008275 00000 n /Im168 223 0 R >> 101 0 obj 32 0 obj endobj Depending on research type, methods for data collection include: documents review, observation, questioning, measuring, or a combination of different methods. /Type /Page /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] The Quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. /Im203 258 0 R /Im199 254 0 R /F16 139 0 R 0000003709 00000 n The data collection stage of the marketing research process is the most expensive.. /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> /G10 114 0 R fThere are several methods of collecting primary data, particularly in surveys and descriptive researches. /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] >> Data Collection Tools 2. /ColorSpace << /ColorSpace << >> >> /F8 134 0 R /F16 139 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] >> Several /F31 146 0 R /Pattern << >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /ExtGState << /Resources << /Im202 257 0 R 0000001643 00000 n /Resources << /Resources << >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Font << >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Parent 4 0 R << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Parent 3 0 R /ColorSpace << /F11 135 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] >> << /Parent 4 0 R /XObject << /ExtGState << endobj >> << >> >> This is done in order to reach reliable conclusions from what we are planning to observe. >> >> /XObject << >> >> /Pattern << >> /F31 146 0 R >> /XObject << /Pattern << >> endobj /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /Im179 234 0 R /Font << >> presentation of data. /D [55 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 /Contents 144 0 R /GS0 137 0 R /Contents 176 0 R /ColorSpace << endobj >> /Shading << /F5 133 0 R 24 0 obj /Shading << /Parent 4 0 R 0000001527 00000 n >> While a method refers to the way or mode of gathering data, a tool is an instrument used for the method. /XObject << 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 /Font << /Shading << 0000003793 00000 n >> /LC 0 /F5 133 0 R >> /Type /Page /Font << >> >> 0000003971 00000 n 778 500 556 444 556 444 333 778 556 278 778 778 278 778 556 500 /ColorSpace << >> >> /ExtGState << << /ColorSpace << << endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> >> 0000003089 00000 n << /Im184 239 0 R /CA 1 /ExtGState << /ExtGState << /Parent 4 0 R /Pattern << 0000004359 00000 n >> /Type /Page Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. 0000003001 00000 n >> /GS0 137 0 R /F16 139 0 R /F31 146 0 R /F11 135 0 R /Shading << /Im181 236 0 R /F16 139 0 R Bhd. The 4 methods of data collection are: Observation method Interview method Questionnaire method Schedules What is data collection and its types? >> << /ColorSpace << /Shading << /Pattern << 0000001228 00000 n Collection of Data Definition of Measurement (page 21) Definition 2.1, QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGIES FOR QUESTIONNAIRE ASSESSMENT THIS METHODOLOGICAL PAPER HAS BEEN PREPARED BY ISTAT 1, Introductory guide to research methods for social research, CHAPTER -9 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION Topics Covered, Introduction to Research and Research Methods, Doing research in the real world-David Gray. /D [76 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] /Resources << /F31 146 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Font << >> /Parent 4 0 R /Type /Page /Pattern << >> /Type /Page /D [76 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] /Pattern << /XObject << /ColorSpace << /Parent 4 0 R >> 80 0 obj UDq+b 5&~I!GQNQnBS&!PlX,t-3QD&LZvY$VPWr[m-6Mb(k[UgkaN0N)0_xW#5e1. /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] concept of data collection; types of data; issues to be considered for data collection; methods of primary data collection; questionnaire method; interviews method; focus group. /Shading << /ExtGState << /ExtGState << /ExtGState << 0000003892 00000 n /Contents 180 0 R /F11 135 0 R /Im183 238 0 R /Type /Page endobj 2. /Type /Page endobj >> /GS0 137 0 R /F11 135 0 R >> /Font << 70 0 obj 66 0 obj >> 16 0 obj >> /XObject << >> /Contents 183 0 R /F31 146 0 R endstream endobj 704 0 obj <>/Metadata 36 0 R/OpenAction 705 0 R/Outlines 83 0 R/Pages 701 0 R/StructTreeRoot 98 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences 730 0 R>> endobj 705 0 obj <> endobj 706 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 701 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 707 0 obj <>stream >> >> /F31 146 0 R Here we will discuss the varied dimensions relevant to: data generation and attempt to arrive at an abstract typology involving stimuli, responses and setting for data collection. >> >> /Type /Page /Resources << /ColorSpace << /Parent 4 0 R endobj /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> /Type /Page /F16 139 0 R >> >> /ExtGState << /Resources << >> /F16 139 0 R >> endobj >> << /F8 134 0 R >> /Parent 4 0 R >> >> >> >> 36 0 obj >> 42 0 obj >> << 34 0 obj >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] 12 0 obj >> << /ExtGState << /Im154 209 0 R /Font << >> /ColorSpace << >> /Pages 4 0 R endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /F31 146 0 R /Pattern << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Resources << >> The presentation of data is broadly classified in to the following two. /Shading << >> /F16 139 0 R /F5 133 0 R /Shading << 0000002178 00000 n /Font << /Im182 237 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] >> >> >> << /Parent 4 0 R /XObject << >> /Parent 4 0 R /Parent 4 0 R >> /Contents 155 0 R /F11 135 0 R /Im157 212 0 R << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> endobj >> /F5 133 0 R /F5 133 0 R endobj Questionnaires Method 4. /Font << /Contents 161 0 R >> >> /Type /XObject /Shading << /Parent 4 0 R /XObject << /GS0 137 0 R >> /Font << /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /ExtGState << >> >> /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /Shading << >> /ColorSpace << << >> >> /F8 134 0 R . /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /ExtGState << What are the 4 methods of data collection? 0000001321 00000 n /GS0 137 0 R /F8 134 0 R >> /F5 133 0 R /Font <> /Shading << /ColorSpace << /Contents 160 0 R /F242 284 0 R /ca 1 /F5 133 0 R << 0000009928 00000 n >> /XObject << /Parent 4 0 R /F8 134 0 R /XObject << /GS0 137 0 R /F5 133 0 R >> >> >> /D [61 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] /Shading << /GS0 137 0 R >> [ /Contents 273 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Resources << >> The market research process refers to learn everything about a targeted market area for promoting a specific service or product.There is a variety of resources and tools are available to help marketers research and analyze the marketplace. /Im193 248 0 R /Im156 211 0 R >> In a way we all observe things around us, but this sort of observation is not scientific observation. 611 778 722 556 667 722 722 1000 778 722 778 778 778 778 778 778 /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /Next 289 0 R Well chosen and well implemented methods for data collection and analysis are essential for all types of evaluations. 0000001944 00000 n >> /F5 133 0 R /GS0 137 0 R /Font << 54 0 obj >> 17 0 obj << 0000002445 00000 n /XObject << 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R] 0000001836 00000 n >> /Parent 4 0 R /F5 133 0 R /Contents 148 0 R /D [75 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] /Type /Page >> >> /Contents 153 0 R /F31 146 0 R >> /Parent 4 0 R >> 29 0 obj /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /D [10 0 R /XYZ 0 792 null] >> /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /F31 146 0 R Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. >> /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> 97 0 obj /Im159 214 0 R /Shading << Use an appropriate method or a combination of. /Im174 229 0 R /Contents 166 0 R /ColorSpace << /Type /Catalog >> 556 722 667 556 611 722 722 944 722 722 611 333 778 778 778 778 /ColorSpace << >> /Contents 152 0 R /Title /Shading 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/Resources << Methods and Tools of Data Collection 57 When a researcher decides to collect data through primary source he has three options, namely, observation, interview and questionnaire. /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] 8 0 obj /Resources << /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] >> 58 0 obj >> /Names [(_TableParagraph10_MS) 86 0 R (_TableParagraph11_MS) 87 0 R (_TableParagraph12_MS) 88 0 R (_TableParagraph13_MS) 89 0 R (_TableParagraph14_MS) 90 0 R /Parent 4 0 R 75 0 obj 11 0 obj /F5 133 0 R /F11 135 0 R << >> << >> /Contents 151 0 R 106 0 obj /BM /Normal /XObject << /Width 320 >> /XObject << endobj /Parent 4 0 R >> /XObject << 15 0 obj /F16 139 0 R D3t >> /D [84 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] /LW 1 endobj /Im169 224 0 R /Prev 7 0 R 60 0 obj (_TableParagraph1_MS) 96 0 R (_TableParagraph20_MS) 97 0 R (_TableParagraph21_MS) 98 0 R (_TableParagraph22_MS) 99 0 R (_TableParagraph23_MS) 100 0 R << /Parent 4 0 R /Type /Page >> >> 4~iG6Lw|ik}&],2vzhuw^/>zMm^,Wvuf]o#PV iqHGV:2F*sEh~b)t m# VNmcuCfv~76bH?Wk^` /p#wM`_n/>N/fq}|q3_7?kVDd88gpj -|sOvmWDFo&U1fu3w1-ksRw'?n2{:2.T`~"&x(H@B0z!Czw. << /Shading << /Parent 4 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] According to Kothari (1985:11) primary data is original information collected for the first time. 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 /Contents 165 0 R >> different methods for data collection. >> >> /XObject << 62 0 obj /F5 133 0 R >> /F11 135 0 R TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTION OF PRIMARY SOURCE DATA There are various techniques available to collect primary data. /Contents 154 0 R Basic elements of Research, Research, Types of Hypothesis, Conventional Designs, Time Series Designs, Sampling Methods, Types of Probability Sampling, Methods and Tools of Data Collection Download Free PDF View PDF RESEARCH METHODS IN COMMUNICATION FAUSTINE NGILA Download Free PDF View PDF Keyterms in Research Methodologies Kimhok Taing >> /F16 139 0 R /Shading << Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. >> >> >> Case Study Method. /Im152 207 0 R 0000026989 00000 n /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /F11 135 0 R >> >> /Contents 276 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /Contents 159 0 R ^#O1X|b[}[ u+oc[v)V^vhsFJyktK - )&mG[Z JP /ML 4 >> 0000001748 00000 n /GS0 137 0 R /Title << 30 0 obj Methods of Primary Data Collection There are various methods of data collection. 0000000016 00000 n /Resources << /Im173 228 0 R /ColorSpace << /Resources << endobj /F5 133 0 R >> /Font << /Type /Page /F8 134 0 R /BM /Normal % /GS0 137 0 R 10 0 obj /Font << /GS0 137 0 R /F8 134 0 R h[o7Wc"E8NZ/nWVa)m3dI#Mb#E#ER6Rk*UR7&iAI5Zz$(U+4h,u`4]9O3QB(}8\yBxbTL++=]E >> endobj /Resources << /Resources << 3.4 Method of data collection used in the study 3.4.1 Primary research methods for data collection >> /XObject << /F8 134 0 R /F5 133 0 R << /Parent 4 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> /Shading << /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] 0000002768 00000 n xyp}h if&i22S4dIMIv1M6N2iCMdhJ|`cc|b$>uCHZmp:Z~}ww?~_R 7fR:fz\it*\n]Kw7Q63p:rdk-Ut!z1lkkhmlm=N.l6kjcepp ? >> >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> >> /XObject << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Contents 132 0 R /Type /Page /Height 320 /XObject << /F8 134 0 R /F16 139 0 R /XObject << >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] endobj << /Pattern << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Im163 218 0 R /Contents 201 0 R >> 0000000016 00000 n 0000005516 00000 n << /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] . << /Resources << >> 250 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 >> >> << /F16 139 0 R >> /F11 135 0 R >> /Resources << /F11 135 0 R >> /XObject << endobj /Type /Page /Contents 280 0 R /ColorSpace << /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /Pattern << >> /Type /Page >> /GS0 137 0 R /F31 146 0 R >> endobj /Parent 4 0 R >> /ColorSpace << A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the, purpose of gathering information from respondents. >> /Resources << >> 778 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 /Resources << >> endobj /Im158 213 0 R /Im187 242 0 R A data collection method refers to the procedure for how data are collected. >> /Font << >> /Resources << /F8 134 0 R /D [56 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Contents 142 0 R /F5 133 0 R /Resources << /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] >> /XObject << >> >> >> data was decided upon, thus making triangulation possible. >> /Resources << /Contents 178 0 R 0000024818 00000 n /Contents 173 0 R /F5 133 0 R endobj >> 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 /Type /Page >> %%EOF /Font << (PDF) Methods of Data collection | Collins Adoma Asante - Academia.edu Download Free PDF Methods of Data collection Collins Adoma Asante Full PDF Package This Paper A short summary of this paper 37 Full PDFs related to this paper People also downloaded these free PDFs Chapter 17 Survey Research_How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education 8th endobj /Kids [9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 0000005237 00000 n /Resources << /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] 53 0 obj 0000005175 00000 n /F11 135 0 R 2 0 obj /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] [2{o O}mglM% 8X^h?\mm &*Djo]fGJy}W. << /F11 135 0 R /ExtGState << >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /GS0 137 0 R /Parent 4 0 R >> /Dest (_TableParagraph2_MS) >> /Type /Page /Dest (_TableParagraph3_MS) /Parent 4 0 R endobj >> /ExtGState << >> /Type /Page /Contents 182 0 R /Type /Outlines /XObject << >> 7.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTING For the purposes of this study a literature study and empirical research were used for data collection. /rgid (PB:325846997_AS:641462907715585@1529948083586) 86 0 obj 51 0 obj /ColorSpace << /Parent 4 0 R >> endobj /F5 133 0 R /Font << >> << 250 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 333 778 778 >> << << /F5 133 0 R endobj /Im206 261 0 R /LJ 0 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 >> << /Contents 198 0 R >> /Font << << stream /ExtGState << >> /Shading << 8MRD{ASk='ofm3|3;;Pt}y|4U48iu6P TL^ (In a sense, all of behavioral research is based upon observation. /Resources << /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] /D [54 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] 'eupUp`e37!GIva [(-W7p3}z /@S? /ExtGState << /GS0 137 0 R /Resources << /Im194 249 0 R /Font << >> /Pattern << /F31 146 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /SA true /Im195 250 0 R /Shading << /Pattern <> /ExtGState << 0000013179 00000 n /Im191 246 0 R 0000005952 00000 n /GS0 137 0 R /Parent 4 0 R endobj endobj /Type /Page >> /D [76 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R /F31 146 0 R >> /Pattern << 0000002048 00000 n >> >> Primary Data: data measured or collected by the investigator or the user directly from the source. >> /ExtGState <> >> >> endobj >> /Title 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 /Font <> >> /Shading << /Im192 247 0 R << 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 778 333 778 778 778 778 778 /F5 133 0 R /XObject << >> /ExtGState << >> Hb```f``f ,@Q?SV-fl')4h+KUe?tRuVMiLL;[}RfkeW /Pattern << /XObject << /Pattern << << /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] >> /F11 135 0 R /Resources << /Parent 4 0 R >> /StructParents 0 << /Parent 3 0 R xV]o6}$%Yv>muh!6hJFRw&ZAD=s?_n.~x"EVeysrBl{YHdmUmob.t,bSw6ogy}wo/?M4C\\JTy9Jw5CuyaOz}k Yo`LB"1B,/F>JUn >> endobj << 0000026566 00000 n /Pattern << /F5 133 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /GS0 137 0 R >> /Type /Page /F5 133 0 R /F239 283 0 R /Shading << /F31 146 0 R 0 /Font << /Shading << /XObject << /Type /Page /ColorSpace << >> 1).Their baseline characteristics and demographic information are listed in Table 1.The mean age of the included participants was 66.28 12.68 . /Parent 4 0 R 61 0 obj /Im155 210 0 R /ExtGState << /Resources << /D [59 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] /ExtGState << endobj /Shading << /GS0 137 0 R >> /Contents 203 0 R /Shading << /XObject << 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 778 778 778 778 778 endobj /Filter /FlateDecode >> mkN /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] 753 0 obj <>stream /XObject << /D [56 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] >> << /Shading << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /GS0 137 0 R >> /ExtGState << >> 21 0 obj /Contents 197 0 R /Parent 4 0 R endobj >> /ColorSpace << /Type /Pages trailer %PDF-1.6 % >> /ColorSpace <> /Parent 4 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 778 778 /XObject << >> /Type /Page /Parent 4 0 R 46 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /F16 139 0 R /ExtGState << /GS0 137 0 R /ColorSpace << << /Contents 147 0 R >> /Parent 4 0 R /ColorSpace << /Im190 245 0 R These form the core of their inquirythe staples of the diet. >> /F11 135 0 R << >> 9 0 obj /Resources <> >> >> /F11 135 0 R 0000058842 00000 n /Pattern << >> >> /Contents 149 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /XObject << /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] 22 0 obj /ColorSpace << Methods of Data Collections a. >> endobj /XObject << << << /Im180 235 0 R >> /F16 139 0 R >> /Parent 4 0 R /Type /Page >> Primary sources are sources that can supply first hand information for immediate user. /GS0 137 0 R /F8 134 0 R /ExtGState << >> Secondary Data: When an investigator uses data, which have already been collected by others, such data . /F31 146 0 R /Font << 0000006482 00000 n <> /ExtGState << <]>> /Font << >> /XObject << /ColorSpace << /ExtGState << /F8 134 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] endobj 102 0 obj /F8 134 0 R >> >> >> 0000003140 00000 n /XObject << /XObject << /F8 134 0 R >> 89 0 obj 0000009734 00000 n >> /GS0 137 0 R /ColorSpace << /F5 133 0 R /Resources << xTILQ;}S(=CQL]b[D[G. >> /F31 146 0 R 0000002266 00000 n /Parent 4 0 R /F8 134 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] /Font << /F8 134 0 R /F31 146 0 R >> METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been defined and research design to be used evaluated. endobj >> /Subtype /Image /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] endobj /Type /Page endobj /GS0 137 0 R /GS0 137 0 R /Parent 4 0 R /ColorSpace << /F11 135 0 R >> /D [75 0 R /XYZ 0 720 null] >> >> /F5 133 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] A well-, designed questionnaire should meet the research goal and objectives and minimize unanswered. /F11 135 0 R /Shading << endobj 49 0 obj /ColorSpace << >> /MediaBox [0 0 612.000000 792.000000] >> << >> >> endobj 0000004897 00000 n /Shading << View Methods of data collection.pdf from ECO 4101 at Begum Rokeya University. >> /Parent 4 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] 0000001507 00000 n /F5 133 0 R << endobj /Type /Page /CS1 [/ICCBased 136 0 R] >> 2 0 obj >> /Contents 281 0 R /Shading << /Font << Data Collection Methods Q ualitative researchers typically rely on four methods for gathering information: (a) participating in the setting, (b) observing directly, (c) interviewing in depth, and (d) analyzing documents and material cul-ture. 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