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Aieta, E. Marco, and James D. Berg. -qt3S#n>DdlI!#AA;$E-FfsGK//=cTMbi\p7ik
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Potassium chloride (KCl, or potassium salt) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine.It is odorless and has a white or colorless vitreous crystal appearance. >>
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Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO 2 that exists as yellowish-green gas above 11 C, a reddish-brown liquid between 11 C and 59 C, and as bright orange crystals below 59 C. (d@CUr#*-%l,T#io&"=/JPtDH09Pq>mY\r
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Journal (American Water Works Association) 78, no. I(IlTBM#LZOu;uEH0RNF#qhaK6>_pZJ3*ss_?`+_g:E/GKUCDGTJ:&1\%DJ@:mE$_
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ki2:dm+c>2ir*lNoA"-d0tXpl^>f;'7uL75\&SQ#XOnW%!9X8J/@H':^?PgUcn)jU&0Sl4$. [17] Its most common use in water treatment is as a pre-oxidant prior to chlorination of drinking water to destroy natural water impurities that would otherwise produce trihalomethanes upon exposure to free chlorine. ?8Un=lA+:)J=Ht&d&2\eZX/da;*L^5,^1'PK;8^(Dd5mg18.Z$'^kGhe*q'*hS879TdW)XMK(1kX/%l%7_
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[16]:433 This EPA standard limits the use of chlorine dioxide in the US to relatively high-quality water, because this minimizes chlorite concentration, or water that is to be treated with iron-based coagulants, because iron can reduce chlorite to chloride. <<
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At cathode: 2H2O + 2e H2(g) + 2OH E = -1.0 V, At anode: 2H2O O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e E = +1.4 V. Net reaction of electrolysis of very dilute aqueous sodium chloride is given as; Reduction (over) potential of water being more positive than the reduction of sodium ions, water is decomposed to liberate hydrogen at the cathode. /F4 39 0 R
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[49][50][51] Children who have been given enemas of chlorine dioxide as a supposed cure for childhood autism have suffered life-threatening ailments. @[++q8[LmP;bO"H4A9-cZAO=
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The other fed metals leave the process in form of metal chlorides. UCSNoIW7ruf6Lt^GGM"RDu0':gR4rKiQO6\O"ES;?LOE>V'Ub!%G:M!/8c$N479RK
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An oxidizing agent (also known as an oxidant, oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) is a substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or "accepts"/"receives" an electron from a reducing agent (called the reductant, reducer, or electron donor).In other words, an oxidizer is any substance that oxidizes another substance. 3&Uuhb%a[_#1_GNk&F=2LkaHOY2D-JN2u=-b\"m%,ZNlP$4_/D1(QG.PV8\*c(pP*
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Oxidation of water being more positive is more feasible and so, the evolution of oxygen gas should happen at the anode. 600 550 500 500 500 500 500 500 725 450 450 450 450 450 275 275
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The oxidized form of the chlorine is molecular chlorine Cl2, the reduced form is titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4). .7gRQO0tLPF11D2i:7`5SD[LJ!Z9^_'lql8gom*98mqJ]%,=ACH[Z.f!SrBRbpJ4! Unlike the other processes, the chloritesulfuric acid method is completely chlorine-free, although it suffers from the requirement of 25% more chlorite to produce an equivalent amount of chlorine dioxide. !jEEeT)'mj^lBRALo)Rs
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[38], Chlorine dioxide may be used for the disinfection of endoscopes, such as under the trade name Tristel. 48 0 obj
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Extensive tabulations of ranking the electron accepting properties of various reagents (redox potentials) are available, see Standard electrode potential (data page). 575 500 325 500 550 450 550 450 350 500 525 275 325 575 275 850
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[16]:4-204-21, The use of chlorine dioxide in water treatment leads to the formation of the by-product chlorite, which is currently limited to a maximum of 1 part per million in drinking water in the USA. [40], Chlorine dioxide may be used for control of zebra and quagga mussels in water intakes. /F4 39 0 R
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Phosphoryl chloride (commonly called phosphorus oxychloride) is a colourless liquid with the formula P O Cl 3.It hydrolyses in moist air releasing phosphoric acid and fumes of hydrogen chloride.It is manufactured industrially on a large scale from phosphorus trichloride and oxygen or phosphorus pentoxide. /Resources <<
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