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These effects vary in the context of each fishery. A different trace element, magnesium, is not hypoxia-sensitive, but the rate at which it is incorporated into otoliths varies with the fishs growth rate. 63, 10111021 (2018). Clim. Article 3). These changes are impacting marine life. For some climate change impacts, the answer is yes. These models draw on current habitat conditions and downscaled Global Climate Models to predict persistence and will aid in the allocation of conservation resources related to cutthroat trout. Sustainable fisheries that meet the MSCs standard for sustainable fishing are well-managed and more Urban, M. C. Accelerating extinction risk from climate change. Their abundance and value has not only provided a sustained source of food for humans and wildlife, but also a growing economy. 3). Water temperature is considered the most important physiological threshold for fish species, as mortality of ectothermic species occurs above and below lethal thresholds8,46. J. Hydrol. '{{item.Image.Title}}', {{item.Image.Artist}}, {{item.Image.Description}}. Further, species with a smaller geographic range and body size are more likely to be threatened by climate change (negative regression coefficients; Supplementary Table5). Resource managers need information and tools to understand where fish species and stream habitats are expected to change under future conditions. Manag. Grafen, A. These effects vary by region and can harm the health of people and ecosystems. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. FishBase. Proc. She is affiliated with the Global Ocean Oxygen Network (GO2NE), a scientific working group of UNESCO'S Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission tasked with promoting research on and communication about global ocean deoxygenation. marine heatwaves are estimated to have increased by more than 50%. 81, 163 (2006). You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Breiman, L. Random forests. 44, 10, 66210,665 (2017). Internet Explorer). 83% of the global carbon cycle is circulated through the oceans. For both numerator and denominator, the species pool for cell i was determined based on the overlap with the (expanded) geographic range maps (see Species occurrence data and Accounting for dispersal). These processes in turn affect the abundance and variety of plankton which are food for small fish. Areas in the Tropics are predicted to see declines of up to 40% in potential seafood catch by 2050. Increasingly, a window on the secret lives of fishes is opening up through study of tiny, calcified formations inside fish skulls called. We found that in a current pledges scenario (3.2C warming), over one third of the freshwater fish species is projected to have more than half of their geographic range threatened by future climate extremes beyond current levels. Source data are provided as Supplementary Data2 and 3. R. Soc. While fish dont have shells, a slight increase in acidity can still cause acidosis, abnormal growth, and impairment of their internal chemistry. In a paper combining oxygen and carbon isotope analysis, European and U.S. scientists have shown that Atlantic bluefin tuna otoliths provide a record of carbon dioxide absorption in the Mediterranean Sea. Our findings also show that threats imposed by amplified climate extremes are expected to be particularly high in tropical watersheds, in accordance with previous studies suggesting large climate-change induced freshwater habitat degradation in the tropics33,34,35. V.B., A.M.S., J.B., M.A.J.H., N.W., M.F.P.B., and H.K. Betancur-R, R. et al. We performed phylogenetic regression to relate the threat level of each species, quantified as the proportion of the geographic range exposed to future climate extremes beyond current levels within the range (see Eqs. Warm. Environ. We would like to thank Felix Leiva for the help provided with the phylogenetic regression and Erin Henry for providing part of the data on critical thermal maxima. The biological responses to those ocean processes are complex and not well understood. In 2000, the first snook was captured in Cedar Key, marking the northernmost extent of its range. According to our phylogenetic regression models (n=9,779 species), the magnitude of threat imposed by future climate extremes is mainly related to species habitat type and current geographicrange size, followed by IUCN threat status and body length (Fig. Climate change models predict decreases in the range of a microendemic freshwater fish in Honduras, Fish die-offs are concurrent with thermal extremes in north temperate lakes, Shifting fish distributions in warming sub-Arctic oceans, Rapid winter warming could disrupt coastal marine fish community structure, Current extinction rate in European freshwater gastropods greatly exceeds that of the late Cretaceous mass extinction, Global prevalence of non-perennial rivers and streams, Predicting the current and future global distribution of the invasive freshwater hydrozoan Craspedacusta sowerbii, FiCli, the Fish and Climate Change Database, informs climate adaptation and management for freshwater fishes, https://github.com/UU-Hydro/PCR-GLOBWB_model, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0406-z, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_53, Description of Additional Supplementary Files, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, A framework to assess multi-hazard physical climate risk for power generation projects from publicly-accessible sources, Future temperature extremes threaten land vertebrates, Satellites reveal hotspots of global river extent change, The non-Haplochromis fish fauna in Uganda: an update on the distribution and a review of data gaps, Inferring future changes in gene flow under climate change in riverscapes: a pilot case study in fluvial sculpin. Fish otoliths are widely regarded as lifetime archives of age and growth histories. If bleaching goes on for too long, it can kill the coral. These changes are impacting marine life. Restoring ocean life Migration is an important part of salmons life cycle. We further note that we did not explicitly consider changes in flow or water temperature seasonality, which might disfavor species whose life histories are adapted to specific flow or temperature regimes (e.g., specific seasonal flow regimes)5,26. In Hot Water: Climate Change is Affecting North American Fish By June 29, 2016 Climate change is already affecting inland fish across North America -- including some fish that are popular with anglers. Nat. I have spent much of my career studying otoliths, researching not only age and growth but also their chemical composition. Therefore, the spatial patterns of future climate threat mostly resemble the patterns of threats due to increased maximum water temperature (Fig. Bars report the mean variable importance and confidence intervals represent the standard deviation across the 100 replicates of the stochastic phylogenetic trees. In addition, both correspond to high-risk activities within a climate change context as they are vulnerable to environmental changes that threaten the socio-economic sustainability of the fishing communities that depend on fish for food security and income generation. For example, in July 2015 delegates from Canada, Denmark (for Greenland and the Faroe Islands), Norway, Russia, and the United States signed an agreement to prevent unregulated commercial fishing in high seas of the central Arctic Ocean. To model future climate threats under the maximal dispersal assumption, we first expanded the geographic range for the current situation, allowing the species to occupy grid cells within the encompassing sub-basin boundaries if suitable according to the species-specific thresholds. We ran the phylogenetic regression using the R package nlme62,63 and checked the residuals of the models using QQ plots (Supplementary Fig. But lifetime magnesium uptake suggests that fish in poor condition upon capture may have been doing poorly through much of their lives. Climate change may explain why fish diversity increased by the Gulf of Mexico. R. Soc. Chang. Meteorol. Beitinger, T. L., Bennett, W. A. Many tropical watersheds host low-income food-deficit countries where local communities are highly dependent on fishery as a primary food source. We harmonized the species names based on Fishbase (www.fishbase.org)42 and merged the ranges (i.e., union of polygons) from the different datasets to obtain one geographic range per species. CAS Emissions Gap Report 2019 (2019). This would enable scientists to test model projections of, for example, reduced growth in warming seas. Climate change will affect fish and their habitats. For the species represented within the IUCN dataset, we classified species as lotic if they were associated with habitats containing at least one of the words river, stream, creek, canal, channel, delta, estuaries, and as lentic if the habitat descriptions contained at least one of the words lake,pool,bog,swamp,pond. EPA Proposes First Ever Federal PFAS Protections for Drinking Water, Breaking the System: How to Create an Equitable Clean Energy Future, Earth Day on the Caja: Caring for Our Common Home, Invest Your Time, Invest in Our Planet: Earth Day 2023 Volunteer Events, Bridging the Power of Youth and the Wisdom of Age: Technology as a Space to Resist and Uplift, Seis Razones para Aprobar el Proyecto de Ley Recovering Americas Wildlife Act. These hermaphrodite fish, identified by the black line that stretches into their tail, yellow fins and protuberant jaws, expanded their population range northward of their historic range of Southwest Florida. Impacts of 1.5C global warming on natural and human systems. Consequently, the number of scenarios available differed among warming levels (an overview is provided in Supplementary Table1). Biogeogr. Chang. The evaluated data clearly showed that the number of days below the lethal limit (53F) for snook fish declined between 2000 and 2018, and the snook range was expanding northwards. We compiled species geographic ranges from a combination of datasets. You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. The change in the movement of mackerel has resulted in disputes between coastal states over how to share fishery resources. Ecol. Fish sample, Jana S. Stewart, S. Alex Covert, Nick J. Estes, Stephen M. Westenbroek, Damon Krueger, Daniel J. Wieferich, Michael T. Slattery, John D. Lyons, James E. McKenna, Dana M. Infante, Jennifer L. Bruce, Climate is a critical driver of many fish populations, assemblages, and aquatic communities. Lost fishes, who is counting? Climate change affects where, when, and how much water is available. 117, 42114217 (2020). PubMed Hypoxia, disease and starvation appear to be the causes for reduced magnesium levels in Baltic cod otoliths. Google Scholar. Climate change is directly impacting their habitats by warming up freshwater streams, and ocean acidification could take a toll on the food they depend on. FAO. Warmer temperatures will influence the abundance, migratory patterns and mortality rates of wild fish stocks and determine what species can be farmed in certain regions. Basins smaller than 1,000km2 were combined with adjacent larger units. Barbarossa, V., Bosmans, J., Wanders, N. et al. However, flow and water temperature seasonality were clearly correlated to the minimum flow and water temperature extremes within the species ranges (Pearsons r of 0.60.9), indicating that the effects of changes in the seasonality of flow or temperature were at least partially covered by our predictions. The phenomenon of tropical invasion for the snook species is also evident on the Texas coast, where shoreline waters have seen a 1-2 degree (F) increase in temperature. Bioscience 58, 403414 (2008). Closs, G. P., Krkosek, M. & Olden, J. D.) 136 (Cambridge University Press, 2016). 374, 20190035 (2019). Chang. We also noticed lower threat levels for species currently belonging to a low IUCN threat category (e.g., near threatened or least concern; Supplementary Table5). The contribution of M.A.J.H. In contrast, areas affected by changes in high flow are confined to a few downstream segments of the main stems of large rivers (Supplementary Fig. Our changing climate is affecting life in the oceans, as droughts, floods, rising seas, ocean acidification , and warming oceans change the productivity of our waters and where wildlife live, spawn, and feed. We therefore employed two relatively simple dispersal assumptions in our calculations. The results of the traits analysis were largely consistent between the two dispersal scenarios (Fig. Species richness-phosphorus relationships for lakes and streams worldwide. There is also evidence that sustainable fishing helps to reduce carbon emissions by increasing efficiency. 4 for a more exhaustive overview). Nature Communications (Nat Commun) Below are publications associated with this project. Copyright 20102023, The Conversation Media Group Ltd. Overall, threats are largest in tropical watersheds such as the Amazon, Parana, Tocantis, Niger, Senegal, Zambezi, and Chao-Phraya (Fig. Butchart, S. H. M. et al. Science 320, 12961297 (2008). 3 and Supplementary Tables3, 4). Conserv. ocean temperatures are predicted to increase by 1-4C by 2100. declines of up to 40% in potential seafood catch by 2050. Fish Fish 10, 173196 (2009). USGS researchers looked at more than 2,100 lakes to relate water temperature to suitability for walleye and largemouth bass, Cold Mountain Streams Offer Climate Refuge, A new study offers hope for cold-water species in the face of climate change. Our findings indicate that limiting global warming to 2C will reduce the proportion of freshwater fish species with more than half of their range threatened by 7481% (the range refers to the two dispersal scenarios) compared to current pledges of governments (3.2C). 71, 338349 (2009). For the remaining species, we extracted information on habitat from Fishbase, where we used the highest level of aggregation of habitat types to classify species found in lakes as lentic and species found in rivers as lotic. Nat. Source data are provided as Supplementary Data4. Previous studies have shown that multiple-environmental stressors are expected to have significant and geographically differential impacts on the health and abundance of marine species. We quantified climate extremes using long-term average maximum and minimum water temperature (Tmax, Tmin), maximum and minimum flow (Qmax, Qmin), and the number of zero flow weeks (Qzf), based on the weekly hydrograph and thermograph of the hydrological model. Knouft, J. H. & Ficklin, D. L. The potential impacts of climate change on biodiversity in flowing freshwater systems. 016.Vici.170.190. One of the commonly measured trace elements is manganese, which dissolves when oxygen levels become very low. A. Garner, John S Kimball, Jack A. Stanford, Gordon Luikart, Understanding how climatic variation influences ecological and evolutionary processes is crucial for informed conservation decision-making. Clim. 5). Accounting for this possibility is challenging due to the uncertainties and data gaps associated with current and future barriers in freshwater systems (e.g., dams, weirs, culverts, sluices)54. A weekly update of the most important issues driving the global agenda. Rising air temperatures and changing precipitation patterns modify water temperature and flow regimes worldwide, thus affecting two key habitat factors for freshwater species6. Article Using this insight, Casini and I found a very strong, positive relationship between otolith magnesium and body condition of Baltic cod. Source data are provided as Supplementary Data2 and 3. PubMed Loss of Pacific salmon would be disastrous for wildlife like grizzly bears, orcas, and bald eagles that depend on them as a vital food source and for human communities that depend on salmon for their irreplaceable economic and cultural value. Consequences of Climate Change for Mountain Lakes and Native Cutthroat Trout. Preparing for changing oceans will help sustain the nation's valuable marine resources, fisheries, and coastal communities. A more exhaustive overview of 200 watersheds is available in Supplementary Fig. We preferred these to using the absolute minimum and maximum values to reduce the influence of uncertainties and outliers in the threshold definition. & Alfaro, M. E. An r package and online resource for macroevolutionary studies using the rayfinned fish tree of life. Evol. Mar. & McCauley, R. W. Temperature tolerances of North American freshwater fishes exposed to dynamic changes in temperature. Known as the salmon run, salmon migrate from the ocean where they spend most of their adulthood to streams where they spawn. Science 328, 11641168 (2010). (2020) https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4309835. Eaton, J. G. & Scheller, R. M. Effect of climate warming on fish thermal habitat in streams of the USA. National What is ocean acidification? A recently published study did a long-term monitoring program on snook in Floridas Gulf Coast starting in 1997. Tewksbury, J., Huey, R. & Deutsch, C. Putting heat on tropical animals. Conserv. Here are two examples of fish stocks affected by climate change: There has been a rapid change in Atlantic mackerel distribution since 2007. Soon coldwater fish species will be replaced by fish suited for warm waters, causing non-native species to take over and disrupt ecosystems. The same holds if species are able to adapt to new water temperature and flow conditions16 or if fishes have the possibility to hide from extremes in micro-climatic refugia, for example due to water stratification or small-scale thermal heterogeneity29, which are not included in our hydrological model21. These impacts are directly making their habitats unsuitable and affecting their spawning capabilities, meaning less brook trout in the future. Assessing species vulnerability to climate change. Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. PCR-GLOBWB simulates the vertical water balance between two soil layers and a groundwater layer, with up to four land cover types considered per grid cell. Clim. 8). Otoliths aragonite crystal lattice structure permits various trace elements to substitute for calcium as the otolith layers are deposited. And amazingly, young fish deposit tiny increments on a daily basis. Indeed, up to 50% of household incomes in countries along the Mekong, Zambezi, and Brazilian Amazon depend on fishing37. For example, increased catches within Icelandic fisheries mean that fishing vessels now make shorter fishing trips, reducing their fuel use and PCR-GLOBWB 2: a 5 arcmin global hydrological and water resources model. In addition, data needed to reliably estimate dispersal ability is still lacking for the majority of the species55. The extent of the threat to freshwater fish biodiversity. Shifting ocean currents and warming waters are changing the distribution of fish stocks and altering the structure of ecosystems. Geophys. The proportion of species with more than half of their range threatened was projected to decrease to 836% (311%), 19% (14%), and 14% (02%) for warming levels of 3.2C, 2C and 1.5C, respectively, with the larger values for the no dispersal assumption (Fig. We performed a synonym check for the binomial nomenclature provided by the IUCN database to maximize the overlap with the Fishbase database. Z. We then extracted coefficients, |t|-statistics, p values as well as the lambda parameter at each warming level (averaged over the 100 replicates; Supplementary Table5). Our program works against illegal and destructive fishing practices. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0406-z. Image Details Climate Change Impacts Climate change impacts are occurring more often and causing more damage than at any time in recorded human history. Researchers from NCEAS' Conservation Aquaculture Research Team have published the first comprehensive analysis of how climate change could affect marine aquaculture production, specifically of finfish and bivalves (e.g., oysters), around the world. For many people, sustainable fishing is a necessity, not a luxury. Finally, we averaged the grid-specific proportions of species affected over main basins with an outlet to the ocean/sea or internal sink (e.g., lake), as follows: where Ix represents the number of grid cells within the watershed x. . CAS 8, 252256 (2018). Our results suggest that increases in maximum water temperature constitute a larger threat to freshwater fishes than changes in minimum water temperature or high and low flow conditions. FishVis Mapper presents possible changes in fish species occurrence in response to global climate change. Under the maximal dispersal assumption, locations of threatened areas are similar to those under the no dispersal assumption but with lower threat levels than in the no dispersal assumption (Figs. Realizing one day that the Baltic Sea is one of the worlds largest dead zones, I put two and two together and proposed that manganese could be a hypoxia tracer, recording an individual fishs exposure to low-oxygen waters. Fishes 58, 237275 (2000). Climate change poses a significant threat to global biodiversity, but freshwater fishes have been largely ignored in climate change assessments. Out of the 11,774 (partially or entirely) lotic fish species, we excluded 349 species (~3%) because their occurrence range was smaller than ~1,000km2 (i.e., ten grid cells), which we considered too small relative to the spatial resolution of the hydrological model (see below). The global mean temperature increase refers to a 30-years average, in accordance with guidelines for climate analyses51, and with pre-industrial reference set at 1850190031. Science 360, 791795 (2018). 5). Threats are much lower for species that live across the freshwater and marine realms (note that our projections concern the freshwater environment only, thus ignoring potential climate threats within the ocean; Supplementary Table5). If average global temperatures rise by five degrees Celsius a nightmare scenario. PubMed Vulnerability and adaptation of African rural populations to hydro-climate change: experience from fishing communities in the Inner Niger Delta (Mali). | World Economic Forum New research suggests that climate change could wipe out 60% of all fish species in the oceans. CAS These fisheries follow current scientific advice to ensure they catch fish sustainably. Sci. We iterated this procedure 10,000 times (100 iterations of the variable importance algorithm times 100 models based on replicates of the phylogenetic tree) and reported the average score and standard deviation across the 100 stochastic replicates (standard deviation across the iterations was negligible) for each of the eight models. Barbarossa, V. vbarbarossa/fishsuit: Nature Communications release. The oceans are also home to between 500,000 and 10 million marine species, contributing enormously to the biodiversity of our planet. Nassau grouper. See how fisheries engaged with the MSC are dealing with impacts in our Witness to Climate Change series. Google Scholar. This may be good news for local fishermen in the north coast who enjoy catching snook, but their presence could disrupt the balance of the local ecosystem. They can also make drinking and recreational water sources unsafe for people and pets. Accessed on 2020-06. If salinity is more or less constant where a fish lives, the ratio in otoliths serves as a built-in thermometer. PubMed Central Nature 558, 4149 (2018). Natl Acad. In fishes tested so far, it also appears to be related to metabolic rate. We used riverscape genetics modelling to assess whether climatic and habitat variables were related to neutral and adaptive patterns of genetic differentiation (popu, Brian K. Hand, Clint C. Muhlfeld, Alisa A. In line with previous studies, we found that climate change will result in reduced flows mainly in drought-prone regions21,24. Coral reefs are home to many sea creatures. While they cover only 0.8% of the Earths surface, they host ~15,000 fish species, corresponding to approximately half of the global known fish diversity1,2. The scenario without climate-change mitigation policy (+4.5C) and without dispersal resulted in at least half of the geographic range threatened by projected climate extremes for 63% (7%) of the freshwater fish species. FishVis was developed to help visualize, search, and download these potential climate-driven responses for 13 fish species in streams across the Great Lakes region. and A.M.S. Nat. This was remarkable, since we had measurements of the fishes body condition from only a single point in time. Climate change threatens fish stocks, but also creates new opportunities for fishing. The MSC was formed to address the problem of overfishing. The violin plots show the proportion of geographic range threatened by future climate extremes for 11,425 freshwater fish species, different warming levels and two dispersal assumptions. Nevertheless, few studies have measured how climatic variation influences genetic diversity within populations or how genetic diversity is distributed across space relative to future climatic stress. For each continent defined according to the World Bank Development Indicators (www.worldbank.org), we selected the six watersheds with the largest numbers of species and covering at least 50% of the known species richness (according to Tedesco et al. Fishermen across the states are already seeing the direct impacts of climate change from fish seeking refuge from either habitat destruction or warming waters. Patterns are based on the median PAF across the GCMRCP combinations at a five arcminutes resolution (~10km). Further work demonstrated that this tracer was usable in many aquatic ecosystems. Remote Sens. Por qu es urgente preservar y proteger la meseta de Caja del Ro en Nuevo Mxico? Climate change impacts have exacerbated other external stressors, like deforestation and land development in their native regions. 16, 694701 (2007). 117, 36483655 (2020). agreement to prevent unregulated commercial fishing in high seas of the central Arctic Ocean. Increasingly, a window on the secret lives of fishes is opening up through study of tiny, calcified formations inside fish skulls called otoliths literally, ear-stones., Many people may be surprised to learn that fish have ears, and in many cases an acute sense of hearing. Biogeogr. They grow as the fish grows throughout life, which makes them interesting for fish biologists. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Science 348, 571573 (2015). They have developed a bayesian network model as a decision support system to manage cutthroat trout under a changing climate. Chang. In 2019, the central part of . 4). Cite this article. Warming temperatures and loss of oxygen in the sea will shrink hundreds of fish speciesfrom tunas and groupers to salmon, thresher sharks, haddock and codeven more than previously thought, a. Recent declines in North Sea cod populations, have been attributed in part to changing climate. While climate change threatens most marine species, jellyfish could be poised to come out stronger than ever. PLOS Biol. Azevedo, L. B. et al. Model Dev. Finally, we use phylogenetic regression relating the species threat levels (i.e., the proportion of the range exposed to future climate extremes beyond current levels within the range) for each warming level and dispersal assumption to a suite of relevant species characteristics. Olden, J. D., Hogan, Z. S. & Zanden, M. J. Vander. This is because water temperatures vary less within species ranges and are projected to rise almost everywhere, while flow conditions are more spatially variable hence projected future flow is less likely to exceed present-day extremes within the species ranges. Rep. (2018) https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp410. Article Marine species tend to be highly mobile, and many are moving quickly toward the poles to stay cool as average ocean temperatures rise. The fishing industry and governments have found it difficult to agree how best to manage changing fish stocks, particularly if fish are moving across international boundaries or where catches need to be significantly reduced. ADS The R code used to model species threat levels and produce all the figures presented here is available at https://github.com/vbarbarossa/fishsuit66. We quantified species-specific thresholds for minimum and maximum weekly flow, maximum number of zero flow weeks and maximum and minimum weekly water temperature based on the present-day distribution of these characteristics within the geographic range of each species, similarly to previous studies45,49,50. CAS Hof, C., Arajo, M. B., Jetz, W. & Rahbek, C. Additive threats from pathogens, climate and land-use change for global amphibian diversity. Freshw. where AT is the portion of area threatened [km2] and A is the current geographic rangesize [km2]. Scientists are seeing a variety of changes in how inland fish reproduce, grow and where they can live. In comparison, 9% of the species are projected to have more than half of their present-day geographic range threatened in a 2C warmer world, which further reduces to 4% of the species if warming is limited to 1.5C. At low warming levels, hotspots are restricted to small areas within tropical South America, North-East Mexico, southern US, southern Europe, Southern Sahara, central Africa (large lakes), Middle-East, IndiaPakistan, South-East Asia, and western Australia. In the Pacific Northwest, dams on major rivers have been a major focus for fishery managers, primarily in regar, Jason B. Dunham, Eric B. Taylor, Fred W. Allendorf, Accelerating climate change and other cumulative stressors create an urgent need to understand the influence of environmental variation and landscape features on the connectivity and vulnerability of freshwater species. Freshw. These fisheries have effective monitoring and management in place to reduce their impacts on the environment and only catch what is sustainable. Poff, N. L. et al. Lett. Globally, ocean temperatures are predicted to increase by 1-4C by 2100. (2019). 3, 324331 (2010). We selected this model combination because it allows a full representation of the hydrological cycle (considering also anthropogenic stressors, e.g., water use), it fully integrates water temperature and calculates the hydrological variables on a high-resolution hydrography.

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